Endocannabinoids and Lipid Mediators in Brain Functions

Transcription

1 Endocannabinoids and Lipid Mediators in Brain Functions

2 Miriam Melis Editor Endocannabinoids and Lipid Mediators in Brain Functions

3 Editor Miriam Melis Dept Biomedical Sciences Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology University of Cagliari, Cagliari Italy ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

4 To my family, for their love and support and for brightening up the day when it was needed

5 Endocannabinoids and Lipid Mediators in Brain Functions The science of cannabinoids is 50 years old. These past years provided a remarkable and constant number of breakthroughs, showing that the signalling mediated by endocannabinoids and lipid mediators impacts almost every function of the body. Indeed, this represents a special field of research, which allows tackling the complexity of biological functions and provides potential therapeutic frameworks for a plethora of diseases. Endocannabinoids and lipid mediators, acting on multiple receptors in both CNS and periphery, are involved in the control of neuronal firing, synaptic plasticity, local circuit activity and behaviour. In fact, these lipid molecules, being intimately connected with diverse metabolic and signalling pathways, differently affect various functions of neurons and glial cells through activation not only of surface receptors, such as cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors, but also of nuclear receptors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Although the endocannabinoid system plays a fundamental role in making short- and long-term modifications to neural circuits and related behaviours, many facets of this system are still unclear. The number of exciting discoveries brought up to the scientific community almost on a daily basis highlights the importance of an updated volume on this topic, particularly given that potential therapeutic benefits of cannabis and cannabinoids are currently under heavy analysis in many countries worldwide. Hence, the main objective of this book is to explore not only some of the many functions of endocannabinoids (and lipid mediators) in physiological control of networks at a cellular and molecular level but also to extend this knowledge for the potential use of cannabinoids and/or drugs regulating endocannabinoid levels in vivo as therapeutic target(s) in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this book, new findings and ideas about the endocannabinoid system and its roles as neuronal circuit modulator related to human brain pathologies characterized by alterations in neuroplasticity will be highlighted. Endocannabinoid roles in key systems controlling appetite, pain, learning and memory, as well as stress responses, will be presented. In addition, pathological processes associated with changes in endocannabinoid signalling will be discussed in the context of anxiety, autism, vii

6 viii Endocannabinoids and Lipid Mediators in Brain Functions depression and addiction. Such an integrated science has important therapeutic implications because it explores the interactions among the environment, the brain and the body. Finally, given that nowadays Cannabis use is increasingly prevalent among adolescents and that this (mis)use interferes with endogenous endocannabinoid system, which is critically involved in both pre- and post-natal neurodevelopment, the consequences on normal development, thus predisposing to motivational, affective and psychotic disorders, will be discussed. Given the tremendous amount of information available and the pace of research progress in this field, it is impossible for the current volume to be fully comprehensive. Nonetheless, this book will provide an excellent background to researchers looking for extending their areas of interest and to newcomers in the field. As the book was being prepared for publication, Dr. Loren (Larry) Parsons, who contributed to this book, passed away in his sleep at only 52 years old. He brought light both to the field of endocannabinoid system, in particular with regard to the mechanisms involved in drug abuse, and to everyone who interacted with him at a personal or professional level. He will be deeply missed. Dept Biomedical Sciences Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology University of Cagliari, Cagliari Italy Miriam Melis

7 Contents The Endocannabinoid System in Leptin-Driven Changes of Orexinergic Signaling Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions... 1 Luigia Cristino, Roberta Imperatore, Letizia Palomba, and Vincenzo Di Marzo How CB1 Receptor Activity and Distribution Contribute to Make the Male and Female Brain Different Toward Cannabinoid-Induced Effects Silvia Antinori and Liana Fattore Endocannabinoids, Stress, and Negative Affect Anthony L. Berger, Angela M. Henricks, Matthew N. Hill, and Ryan J. McLaughlin Cell-Autonomous Endocannabinoid Production Shapes Polarized and Dynamic Distribution and Signaling Patterns of Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptors in Neurons Delphine Ladarre and Zsolt Lenkei Endocannabinoid-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Striatum Brady K. Atwood and David M. Lovinger Lipid Mediators in the Regulation of Emotions, Memory, and Cognitive Functions Beat Lutz The Endocannabinoid System in Prefrontal Synaptopathies Andrew F. Scheyer, Henry G.S. Martin, and Olivier J. Manzoni Cannabinoids and Mitochondria Etienne Hebert-Chatelain, Giovanni Marsicano, and Tifany Desprez ix

8 x Contents Susceptibility to Psychiatric Diseases After Cannabis Abuse in Adolescence: Animal Models Tiziana Rubino and Daniela Parolaro Endocannabinoid Signaling in Reward and Addiction: From Homeostasis to Pathology Sarah A. Laredo, William R. Marrs, and Loren H. Parsons Roles of N-Acylethanolamines in Brain Functions and Neuropsychiatric Diseases Marco Pistis and Anna Lisa Muntoni Mast Cells and Glia as Targets for the Anandamide Congener Palmitoylethanolamide: an Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Lipid Signaling Molecule Stephen D. Skaper

9 List of Committed Contributors Luigia Cristino Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, CNR of Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy Liana Fattore Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Cagliari, Italy Matthew Hill Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Psychiatry, The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Zsolt Lenkei Brain Plasticity Unit, ESPCI-ParisTech, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France David Lovinger Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA Beat Lutz Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany Olivier Manzoni INMED, INSERM U901, Parc Scientifique de Luminy - BP 13, Marseille, France Giovanni Marsicano Neurocentre Magendie, U1215 INSERM, Bordeaux, France Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France Daniela Parolaro Department of Theoretical and Applied Science, Biomedical Research Division, and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy Loren Parsons The Scripps Research Institute, Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, La Jolla, CA, USA Marco Pistis Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy Stephen Skaper Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy xi