UNIT 3 BIOLOGY Unit 3 Biology Study Design Area of Study 1: Molecules of Life Major Molecules in Organisms

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1 UNIT 3 BIOLOGY Unit 3 Biology Study Design Unit 3: Signatures of Life Area of Study 1: Molecules of Life Conducting Controlled Experiments The Practical Report Safe Practice Major Molecules in Organisms Water Organisation of Life Organic Molecules Properties of Major Types of Macromolecules Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions Carbohydrates Lipids Fatty Acids Triglycerides Trans Fats and Premature Death Phospholipids Fluidity of Membranes Waxes Steroids Glycolipids Proteins Protein Structure Different Levels of Protein Structure Globular and Fibrous Proteins Functions of Proteins Nucleic Acids DNA Genes RNA Synthesis of DNA The Roles of DNA and RNA in Protein Synthesis Transcription Three-Base Sequence Terminology Translation The Effect of Mutations on Proteins Proteomics

2 Cell Theory Cells Cell Size Microscopes Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells The Five Kingdoms Organelles Cytoplasmic Streaming Cell Connections Example of an Animal Cell Example of a Plant Cell The Cell Factory Flow Chart Plant Cells vs Animal Cells Cell Specialisation/Differentiation Cell Reproduction (Binary Fission and Mitosis) Structure of Cell Membranes Fluid Mosaic Model Movement of Substances Across Membranes Movement of Substances In and Out of Cells Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Larger Molecules and the Cell Membrane SA to Volume Ratio Enzymes Endergonic (Anabolic) and Exergonic (Catabolic) Reactions Enzyme Action Induced Fit or Lock and Key? Activation Energy Factors Affecting Enzyme Function Human Use of Enzymes A Reminder About Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions Acquiring Nutrients Cellular Respiration Mitochondria Energy Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Summary Anaerobic Respiration Cellular Respiration Summary Roles of Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions in Respiration

3 Photosynthesis (Endergonic Reaction) Absorption of Light by Chlorophylls and Other Pigments Chloroplasts Light Dependant and Light Independent Reactions Photosynthesis and Respiration Area of Study 2: Detecting and Responding Internal Environment and Homeostasis Homeostasis and Unicellular Organisms Homeostasis and Multicellular Organisms Stimulus - Response Model The Feedback Response Hormones and other Chemical Messengers Local and Long Distance Cell Communication Chemical Nature of Hormones Cell Signalling Signal Transduction Functioning of a G Protein-Linked Receptor The Action of Adrenalin First and Second Messengers Functioning of a Steroid Hormone Receptor Water Soluble versus Lipid Soluble Hormones Summary A Longer Overview of the Differing Actions of Protein/Peptide and Steroid Hormones Example of Negative Feedback: Regulation of Blood Glucose Insulin and Glucagon Signal Transduction Blood Glucose Regulation Diabetes Antelopes and the Deadly Acacias Cholera and the G Protein Viagra and the G Protein Length of Responses from the Action of Signal Molecules Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis) Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Glands Pheromones The Nervous System Central NS, Peripheral NS Autonomic NS Neuron Structure Types of Neurons Myelin Nerves The Action Potential (Impulse) Synapses The Neuromuscular Junction Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons Action of Animal Toxins on the Nervous System Effects of Drugs and Poisons on Synaptic Function Major Neurotransmitters

4 Action of Psychoactive Drugs at the Synapse The Brain Reflex Arcs Comparison of Coordination Systems Nervous System vs. Hormonal System Another Example of Homeostatic Control Temperature Control in Animals Plant Growth Regulators Hormones Plants and Water Balance Adaptations of Xerophytes The Opening and Closing of Stomata Tropisms Phototropism Geotropism Apical Dominance Photoperiodism Seed Dormancy The Plant Hormones Auxins Gibberellins Abscisic Acid Cytokinins Ethylene Plant Regulation Summary Some Human Uses of Plant Hormones Disease History of Disease Disease Definitions Features of a Disease Transmission of Disease Non-Cellular Pathogens Prions Viruses HIV (AIDS) Viroids Cellular Pathogens Bacteria Human Control of Microbial Pathogens Antibiotics Antiseptics and Disinfectants Protozoa (Protists) Fungi Macroscopic Pathogens Arthropods and Worms Vascular Plants Adaptations of Pathogens Review Modes of Pathogen Transmission

5 Defence Against Disease The First Line of Defence: Non-Specific Distinguishing Self from Non-Self Source of Blood Cells The Second Line of Defence: Non-Specific Phagocytes and Associates Complement Interferon Inflammation Temperature Response Clotting of Blood The Lymphatic System The Third Line of Defence Primary Response Cell Mediated Immunity Humoral Immunity Types of Antibodies Secondary Immune Response ABO Antigens Transplant Rejection Rhesus Disease Vaccines (Artificial Immunity) Types of Vaccines Acquired Immunity Autoimmune Diseases Immunodeficiency Diseases Gene Therapy for SCID Allergies Plant Defence Systems Games Pathogens Play Rational Drug Design Monoclonal Antibodies Examination Preparation