Cells. Introduction: Composite Cell: Bi100 Chapter 3
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1 Bi100 Chapter 3 Cells Introduction: A. The human body consists of almost 100 trillion cells that vary considerably in shape and size yet have much in common. B. Differences in cell shape and composition make different functions possible. Flagellum Centrioles Mitochondrion Microvilli Secretory! vesicles! Golgi! apparatus! Microtubule Smooth! Phospholipid bilayer Nuclear envelope Chromatin Nucleolus Cell membrane Rough! Cilia L ysosomes A typical cell includes many different cell structures. A cell consists of 3 main parts- - the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the cell membrane. Within the cytoplasm are specialized organelles that perform specific funcaons for the cell. Composite Cell: Mitochondrion Centrioles Microvilli Secretory! vesicles! Golgi! apparatus! Flagellum Microtubule Smooth! Nuclear envelope Chromatin Nucleolus L ysosomes Cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer Rough! Cilia 1
2 Cell Membrane (plasma membrane): The cell membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, paracipates in signal transducaon, and helps cells adhere to other cells. General Characteris6cs: The cell membrane is extremely thin and selecavely permeable. Carbohydrate Cholesterol! molecules! Cytoplasmic side! of membrane! Extracellular side! of membrane! Fibrous proteins Double! layer (bilayer)! of phospholipid! molecules Phospholipid! bilayer Globular! Hydrophobic! protein! fatty acid! tail Hydrophilic! phosphate! head Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a supporave cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and organelles. Flagellum Centrioles Mitochondrion Phospholipid bilayer Nuclear envelope Chromatin Nucleolus Cell membrane Rough! Microvilli Secretory! vesicles! Golgi! apparatus! Microtubule Cilia Smooth! L ysosomes Organelles: Endoplasmic re6culum is made up of membranes, flanened sacs, and vesicles, and provides a tubular transport system inside the cell. With ribosomes, endoplasmic reaculum (ER) is rough ER, and funcaons in protein synthesis. Without ribosomes, it is smooth ER, and funcaons in lipid synthesis. Membranes Don Fawcett/Photo Researchers Membranes ER membrane (c) Fig
3 Organelles The Golgi apparatus is composed of flaNened sacs, it refines, packages, modifies, and delivers proteins. Nuclear! envelope! Cytosol Rough! Golgi! apparatus! Transport! vesicle! Secretion Gordon Leedale/Biophoto Associates Cell membrane Fig03.05 Organelles Mitochondria are the energy producers of the cell. They produce energy molecules that the cell uses for powering chemical reacaons. Inner membrane Outer membrane Gordon Leedale/Biophoto Associates Lysosomes are the "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain digesave enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that funcaon in detoxificaaon. Lysosomes 3
4 Microfilaments and microtubules are thin, threadlike structures that serve as the cytoskeleton of the cell. The centrosome is a structure made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that funcaon in the separaaon of chromosomes during cell division. Centriole! (cross section)! Centriole! (longitudinal section)! Cilia and flagella are moale extensions from the cell; shorter cilia are abundant on the free surfaces of certain epithelial cells (respiratory linings, for example), and lengthy flagellum can be found on sperm cells. Cilia 4
5 Fig03.09b Flagellum Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold/Photolibrary Cell : The fairly large nucleus is bounded by a double- layered membrane. The cell s DNA is inside the nucleus. Nuclear! envelope! Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear! pores! The Cell Cycle The series of changes a cell undergoes from the Ame it is formed unal it reproduces is called the cell cycle. The cell cycle consists of interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, and differenaaaon. 5
6 The Cell Cycle Interphase Interphase is a period of great metabolic acavity in which the cell grows and synthesizes new molecules and organelles. During the S phase of interphase, the DNA of the cell is replicated in preparaaon for cell division. During the G1 and G2 phases of interphase, the cell grows and other structures are duplicated. The Cell Cycle Cell Division Mitosis is a carefully orchestrated division of the nucleus of the cell that results in each daughter cell receiving an exact copy of the mother cell's geneac material. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm. The Cell Cycle Mitosis is described as a series of four stages, but the process is actually conanuous. Prophase, the first stage of mitosis, results in the DNA condensing into chromosomes, centrioles migraang to the poles, microtubules of the cytoskeleton reorganizing into spindle fibers, and the disappearance of the nuclear membrane 6
7 The Cell Cycle Metaphase occurs as spindle fibers anach to centromeres on the chromosomes and the chromosomes align midway between centrioles. Anaphase occurs as the spindle fibers contract and pull the sister chromaads toward the centrioles. Telophase, the final stage of mitosis, begins when the chromosomes have completed their migraaons, the nuclear envelope reappears, and the chromosomes begin to unwind. Early Interphase! of daughter cells! a time of normal cell! growth and function. Restriction! checkpoint! Nuclear! envelope Late Interphase! Cell has passed the! restriction checkpoint! and completed DNA! replication, as well as! replication of centrioles! and mitochondria, and! synthesis of extra! membrane. Chromatin! fibers! Centrioles Cleavage furrow! (e) Centromere Prophase! Chromosomes condense and! become visible. Nuclear! envelope and nucleolus! disperse. Spindle apparatus! forms. Spindle fiber Late Prophase Nuclear! envelopes! Chromosomes Sister! chromatids! Telophase and Cytokinesis! Nuclear envelopes begin to! reassemble around two daughter! (d) nuclei. Chromosomes decondense.! Spindle disappears. Division of! wo cells. (c) Mitosis Cytokinesis G 1 phase Anaphase.! Sister chromatids separate to! opposite poles of cell. Events! begin which lead to cytokinesis. Metaphase! Chromosomes align along! equator, or metaphase plate! of cell. S phase G 2 phase Interphase The Cell Cycle Cytoplasmic Division (Cytokinesis) Cytokinesis begins during anaphase of mitosis and conanues as a contracale ring pinches (cleavage furrow) the two new cells apart. The two daughter cells may have varying amounts of cytoplasm and organelles, but they share iden6cal gene6c informa6on. 7
8 The Cell Cycle Cell Differen6a6on The process by which cells develop into different types of cells with specialized funcaons is called differenaaaon. Stem cells retain the ability to divide without specializaaon. 8
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