Plant Signal Transduction

Transcription

1 Plant Signal Transduction EDITED BY Dierk Scheel Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany and Claus Wasternack Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany OXTORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Contents List of contributors Abbreviations xiii xvii 1 Signal transduction in plants: cross-talk with the environment 1 DIERK SCHEEL AND CLAUS WASTERNACK 2 Light perception and signal transduction 6 FERENC NAGY AND EBERHARD SCHAFER 1. Introduction 6 2. The cryptochrome (CRY1 and CRY2) and phytochrome (PHYA-E) photoreceptor families 6 3. Photoreceptor mutants and over-expression studies 7 4. Biochemical approaches to the elucidation of the mechanism of lightinduced signal transduction 8 5. Genetic analysis of signal transduction 9 6. Cell biological approaches Conclusions 14 Acknowledgements 15 References 15 3 Wound- and mechanical signalling 20 FLORIAN SCHALLER AND ELMAR W. WEILER 1. Introduction Plant signal transduction in response to wound- and mechanical stimuli Fatty acid signalling Peptide signalling Oligosaccharide signalling 26

3 vi CONTENTS 3. Wounding/herbivore attack Fatty acid signalling/octadecanoids Protein kinases and signal transduction Ca 2+ - / calmodulin-based signal transduction Peptide signalling Mechanotransduction Fatty acid signalling/octadecanoids Protein kinases and signal transduction Ca 2+ -/calmodulin-based signal transduction Polypeptide signalling Conclusion 34 Acknowledgements 35 References 35 4 The role of active oxygen species in plant signal transduction 45 EVA VRANOVA, FRANK VAN BREUSEGEM, JAMES DAT, ENRIC BELLES-BOIX AND DIRK INZE 1. Active oxygen species in plants Biochemical properties Sources of AOS in plant cells Mechanisms that modulate AOS levels in plants AOS as signal molecules Signalling role of AOS in defence responses Signalling role of AOS in cell death Signalling role of AOS in growth and morphogenesis AOS and redox signalling AOS: part of a signalling network Salicylic acid Ethylene Jasmonic acid Abscisic acid Growth-stimulating hormones Nitric oxide Conclusions 64 Acknowledgements 65 References 65

4 Heat-stress-induced signalling KAPIL BHARTI AND LUTZ NOVER 1. Introduction 1.1 The heat-stress response 1.2 Complexity of the heat-stress response 2. Signalling systems 2.1 Membranes 2.2 Calcium 2.3 Protein kinase cascades 3. The Hsf network 3.1 Basic structure of Hsfs 3.2 Multiplicity of Hsfs 3.3 Control of Hsf activity 4. Complex cellular programmes influenced by heat stress 4.1 Translational reprogramming 4.2 Cell cycle 4.3 Ribosome biosynthesis 4.4 Photosynthesis 4.5 Apoptosis 5. Conclusions References CONTENTS vii Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction in cold acclimation JULIO SALINAS H6 1. Introduction The complexity of the cold-acclimation response Sensing low temperatures Transducing the cold signal Biochemical analysis of signal transduction in response to low temperature Molecular analysis of signal transduction in response to low temperature Genetic analysis of signal transduction in response to low temperature Concluding remarks and future perspectives 131 Acknowledgements 133 References 133

5 viiii CONTENTS 7 Dehydration-stress signal transduction 140 HANS-HUBERT KIRCH, JONATHAN PHILLIPS AND DOROTHEA BARTELS 1. Introduction: dehydration-stress studies in plants Signal perception The role of abscisic acid: ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signalling pathways ABA-independent regulation of dehydration-stress response ABA-dependent regulation of dehydration-stress response Mutants as tool to dissect the signalling pathways ABA-deficient mutants ABA-insensitive and hypersensitive mutants Mutants with an altered response to ABA and osmotic stress Identification of transcription factors important for dehydration signalling pathways Basic region/leucine zipper (bzip) proteins AP2/EREBP domain proteins Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) proteins MYB proteins Basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) proteins ABB/VP1 proteins Signalling components involved in water stress Cross-talk of the dehydration-stress signalling pathway Exploiting the knowledge of dehydration-stress signal transduction to engineer stress tolerance 156 Acknowledgements 157 References Salt-stress signal transduction in plants 165 LIMING XIONG AND JIAN-KANG ZHU 1. Salt uptake and determinants of salt tolerance in plants Salt-uptake mechanisms Salt extrusion and compartmentation Production of osmolytes and detoxification of free radicals Role of Ca 2+ and other ions in plant salt tolerance Regulation of salt-tolerance responses Membrane potential 171

6 CONTENTS I ix 2.2 Acidity Variety and concentration of salts Abscisic acid and other phytohormones Transcriptional regulation Post-transcriptional regulation Salt-stress signal transduction modules and pathways Receptors Second messengers Phosphoproteins MAPK modules Transcription factors Signal partners: protein modifiers, adapters, and scaffolds Outlook 187 References Recognition and defence signalling in plant/bacterial and fungal interactions 198 JONG HYUN HAM AND ANDREW BENT 1. Introduction Gene-for-gene resistance and the initiation of defence signal transduction A molecular foundation for the gene-for-gene hypothesis Bacterial signals Fungal signals Structure and function of R genes The evolution and specificity of R genes What actually stops pathogen growth? Defence signal transduction pathways Identification and dissection of defence signal transduction components by genetic analysis Biochemical / pharmacological methods Immunoprecipitation, interaction cloning, site-directed mutagenesis Transcriptional control of defence-related genes in plants Microarrays and global gene expression patterns Application of defence signal transduction findings Conclusions 216 References 217

7 x CONTENTS 10 Signalling in plant-virus interactions 226 STEVEN A. WHITHAM AND S. P. DINESH-KUMAR 1. Introduction Induction of host DNA synthesis factors for viral replication Viral suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing Alterations in host gene expression during virus infection Induction of R-gene-mediated defence responses Virus-resistance gene structure, function, and regulation Avirulence components of virus-resistance genes Virus-resistance gene signalling Future approaches to host-virus interactions and conclusions 241 Acknowledgements 242 References LCO signalling in the interaction between rhizobia and legumes 250 ROSSANA MIRABELLA, HENK FRANSSEN AND TON BISSELING 1. Introduction Morphological changes induced in root hairs Root-hair growth Root-hair deformation Root-hair curling and infection Nod-factor perception Site of Nod-factor perception Multiple receptors Nod-factor-binding proteins Nod-factor signalling Biochemical approach Genetic dissection of the Nod-factor signalling Concluding remarks Cloning of legume genes involved in Nod-factor perception or transduction Integration of biochemical and genetic studies From signal to form 263 References 264

8 CONTENTS 12 Rhizospheric signals and early molecular events in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis 272 F. MARTIN, S. DUPLESSIS, F. A. DITENGOU, H. LAGRANGE, C. VOIBLET AND F. LAPEYRIE 1. Ectomycorrhiza development: a multistep process Rhizospheric signals are involved in the symbiosis developmental sequence Detection and analysis of gene expression during mycorrhiza development Analysis of the transcriptome of the Eucalyptus/Pisolithus ectomycorrhiza Genes involved in signalling, adaptation, and defence reactions Genes coding for structural proteins Genes involved in metabolism Genes of unknown function Conclusions 283 Acknowledgements. 284 References Signalling in plant-insect interactions: signal transduction in direct and indirect plant defence 289 MARCEL DICKE AND REMCO M. P. VAN POECKE 1. Introduction Direct versus indirect plant defence Induction of direct defence Proteinase inhibitors Plant secondary metabolites Signal transduction Induction of indirect defence Identity of herbivore-induced plant volatiles Importance of herbivore-induced plant volatiles to carnivorous arthropods Response by carnivorous arthropods and benefits to plants Herbivore-induced plant volatiles and responses by herbivores Herbivore-induced plant volatiles and effects on neighbouring plants Signal transduction 300

9 xii i CONTENTS 5. Interaction between direct and indirect defence Interaction between defences against pathogens and herbivores Comparative analysis of signal transduction in induction of direct and indirect defence: model systems Major questions to be addressed 306 References 307 Index 317