BME NEUROSCIENCE PRINCIPLES OF NEURAL SCIENCE 1 ST SEMESTER GRADUATE COURSE HYOUNG F. KIM
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1 BME NEUROSCIENCE PRINCIPLES OF NEURAL SCIENCE 1 ST SEMESTER GRADUATE COURSE HYOUNG F. KIM
2 BASIC CONCEPT OF CELL BIOLOGY
3 CELL & NEURON What are the differences?
4 BASIC CONCEPT OF CELL 1. What are the cells for?
5 BASIC CONCEPT OF CELL 1. What are the cells for? Survival & Reproduction
6 LIFE Beautiful creatures which is protected from outside for being ordered but also communicate each other for survival, love and reproduction.
7 BASIC CONCEPT OF CELL 1. Basic question for cellular level organization. Survival & Reproduction
8 BASIC QUESTION How to make the difference between inside and outside? What do you need?
9 BASIC QUESTION How to make the difference between inside and outside? Cell! What do you need? Noun 1.a small room, as in a convent or prison.
10 CELL
11 CELL
12 CELL 1. Plasma membrane
13 CELL 1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm
14 CELL 1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Organelles
15 CELL 1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Organelles 4. Nucleus
16 FIGURE 3-1 ANATOMY OF A MODEL CELL = Plasma membrane = Nonmembranous organelles = Membranous organelles Secretory vesicles Centrosome and Centrioles Cytoplasm contains two centrioles at right angles; each centriole is composed of 9 microtubule triplets in a array CYTOSOL Functions Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton Centrosome Centrioles
17 FIGURE 3-1 ANATOMY OF A MODEL CELL = Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes Functions Strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials Microfilament Microtubule = Nonmembranous organelles = Membranous organelles Plasma Membrane Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates Free ribosomes Functions Isolation; protection; sensitivity; support; controls entry and exit of materials Cytosol (distributes materials by diffusion)
18 FIGURE 3-1 ANATOMY OF A MODEL CELL Microvilli Membrane extensions containing microfilaments Function Increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extra-cellular materials = Plasma membrane = Nonmembranous organelles = Membranous organelles
19 FIGURE 3-1 ANATOMY OF A MODEL CELL = Plasma membrane = Nonmembranous organelles = Membranous organelles Cilia Cilia are long extensions containing microtubule doublets in a array (not shown in the model cell) Function Movement of material over cell surface Proteasomes Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends Functions Breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins Ribosomes RNA + proteins; fixed ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm Function Protein synthesis
20 FIGURE 3-1 ANATOMY OF A MODEL CELL Golgi apparatus Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers Functions Storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes Mitochondria Double membrane, with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes Functions Produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell NUCLEUS Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm Functions Synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport Rough ER modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates = Plasma membrane = Nonmembranous organelles = Membranous organelles Peroxisomes Vesicles containing degradative enzymes Functions Catabolism of fats and other organic compounds, neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process
21 FIGURE 3-1 ANATOMY OF A MODEL CELL = Plasma membrane = Nonmembranous organelles = Membranous organelles Free ribosomes Peroxisomes Vesicles containing degradative enzymes Functions Catabolism of fats and other organic compounds, neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process Lysosomes Vesicles containing digestive enzymes Functions Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens
22 FIGURE 3-1 ANATOMY OF A MODEL CELL Chromatin Nuclear envelope Nucleolus (site of rrna synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits) Nuclear pore NUCLEOPLASM NUCLEUS Nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope Functions: Control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis
23 NEURON?
24 NEURON? 1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Organelles 4. Nucleus
25 NEURON 1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Organelles 4. Nucleus 5. Structural proteins
26 NEURON 1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Organelles 4. Nucleus 5. Structural proteins 6. Communication
27 How are these possible???
28 Exocytosis
29 Synaptic vesicle proteins
30 Synaptic vesicle protein membrane protein interaction
31 Exocytosis and endocytosis
32 Exocytosis detail.
33 THE SYNAPTIC VESICLE CYCLE Sudhof, Thomas C Annual Review of Neuroscience; 2004; 27, ProQuest Central Korea pg. 509
34 Why are the synaptic proteins so important? How to block the synaptic transmission?
35 Tetanus toxin Transport 1. Specific binding in the periphery neurons 2. Retrograde axonal transport to the central nervous system (CNS) inhibitory interneurons 3. Transcytosis from the axon into the inhibitory interneurons Action 1. Temperature and ph mediated translocation of the light chain into the cytosol 2. Reduction of the disulphide bond between the light and heavy chain 3. Cleavage of synaptobrevin
36 Clostridium tetani and Tetanus
37 Learning and memory synaptic plasticity Disease Channels & receptors
38 CHAPTER 4 THE CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
39 STRUCTURE OF NEURON What are differences from the usual cells? Shape?
40 Which neuron is for fast transmission? STRUCTURE OF NEURON
41 Various neurons and Principles
42 Unipolar??? Cell body? Neurites? Aplysia sensory and motor neurons Kim HF et al., 2006
43 SOMA OF NEURON
44 SEM / TEM Scanning electron microscope is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of electrons. Transmission electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which a beam ofelectrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through it.
45 Find Endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles
46 Find Wally?
47 ER: endoplasmic reticulum N: nucleus G: Golgi Mit: mitochondria Ly: lysosome R: ribosome Mt: microtubule AT: axon terminal
48 ER: endoplasmic reticulum N: nucleus G: Golgi Mit: mitochondria Ly: lysosome R: ribosome Mt: microtubule AT: axon terminal
49 ER: endoplasmic reticulum N: nucleus G: Golgi Mit: mitochondria Ly: lysosome R: ribosome Mt: microtubule AT: axon terminal
50 ER: endoplasmic reticulum N: nucleus G: Golgi Mit: mitochondria Ly: lysosome R: ribosome Mt: microtubule AT: axon terminal
51 ORGANELLES OF THE NEURONS Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Mitochondria Lysosome Microtubule Neurofilament
52 ORGANELLES OF THE NEURONS Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Mitochondria Lysosome Microtubule Neurofilament Gene and protein synthesis Energy Cellular structure Protein degradation Protein secretion Protein synthesis Neuronal structure
53 UNDERSTAND THE BASIC PROTEIN TRAFFICKING Long structure
54 PROTEIN TRAFFICKING Consider the evolution theory Where is out and where is the in?
55 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE ER
56 PROTEIN TRAFFICKING
57 NEXT CLASS Syanpse Dendrite Structural proteins Myelination Astrocyte
58 Please read two papers.
59 TYPES OF DENDRITIC SPINES Do thin spines learn to be mushroom spines that remember? Jennifer Bourne and Kristen M Harris Figure 2 Model of LTP-related enlargement of dendritic spines and synapses. (a) Amorphous vesicular clumps (green, AVC) and recycling vesicles (red, RC) are recruited to potentiated dendritic spines. (b) AVCs insert new membrane as the spine head enlarges. RCs that contain AMPA receptors (blue lines) are inserted and then receptors migrate to the vicinity of the synapse; this migration might be facilitated by the fact that the newly inserted membrane is less crowded with other proteins. (c) Polyribosomes (black dots, PR) are unmasked and/or recruited to the heads of potentiated spines, where proteins are synthesized locally to stabilize the AMPA receptors and enlarge the postsynaptic density (PSD). At some point the presynaptic axon enlarges, vesicles are recruited and a dense core vesicle (DCV) fuses to enlarge the presynaptic active zone to match the enlarged PSD. Astroglial processes (AS) are attracted to the perimeter of the enlarged synapses, possibly by the spill-out of glutamate from the synaptic cleft (orange arrow). Curr Opin Neurobiol Jun;17(3): Epub 2007 May 10. Do thin spines learn to be mushroom spines that remember? Bourne J 1, Harris KM.
60 HOW TO SHOW? Rate of fast axoplasmic transport in mammalian nerve fibres Sidney Ochs 1972
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