VLC n-3 3 PUFA Intakes In the UK & Opportunities For Increase

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VLC n-3 3 PUFA Intakes In the UK & Opportunities For Increase Rachael Gibbs University of Reading UK HUMAN CONSUMPTION VLC n-3 3 polyunsaturates OF FISH Animal Most important Very Long Chain (>2 C)

benefits widely acknowledged NOT: Alpha Linolenic Acid ( C18:3 n-3) primarily plant PHYTOPLANKTON e.g. algae (diatoms) ZOOPLANKTON α-linolenic acid Primary production VLC n-3 3 intakes: key issues.

1 VLC n-3 3 PUFA Intakes In the UK & Opportunities For Increase Rachael Gibbs University of Reading UK HUMAN CONSUMPTION VLC n-3 3 polyunsaturates OF FISH Animal Most important Very Long Chain (>2 C) feeds Eicosapentanoic PISCIVEROUS FISH acid (EPA) C2:5 n-3 Docosapentanoic acid DHA (DPA) C22:5 n-3 Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) C22:6 n- 3 PLANKTIVEROUS FISH EPA PRIMARILY MARINE DERIVED Health benefits widely acknowledged NOT: Alpha Linolenic Acid ( C18:3 n-3) primarily plant PHYTOPLANKTON e.g. algae (diatoms) ZOOPLANKTON α-linolenic acid Primary production VLC n-3 3 intakes: key issues.. Achieving adequate intakes is primary concern Knowledge of current intakes essential for developing strategies to increase them Knowing contribution of different dietary sources to intakes is vital Intake is function of concentration in food and intake of food Dietary sources of VLC n-3 Regular animal- foods animal- foods Enriching staple fat sources to create a more functional food is a favourable option Regular Intake Studies: Main Objectives What proportion of the UK population eat oil-rich fish What factors may influence dietary intakes of VLC n-3 Are some population sub-groups consuming more than others Is there an age/gender effect Therefore, what is the current intake status contribution from animal- foods What is the potential impact of incorporating enriched animal- foods into the diet 1

Consumption of Oily Non-consumers 27% Consumption (g/week) 2 15 1 5 (SACN, 24) Calculating Estimated Intakes 22 NDNS/other household consumption survey data 27 Low Diet and Nutrition Survey (LIDNS)

representation Estimated current EPA and DHA intakes from main dietary sources Estimated potential intakes UK adult intakes from regular foods - based on consumption EPA + DHA intake (mg/d) 45 4 35 3

2 Consumption of Oily Non-consumers 27% Consumption (g/week) (SACN, 24) Calculating Estimated Intakes 22 NDNS/other household consumption survey data 27 Low Diet and Nutrition Survey (LIDNS) M/F Food intakes CURRENT concentrations in foods literature/lab POTENTIAL concentrations in enriched foods literature/lab Adjustments made where more appropriate estimates available to give best representation Estimated current EPA and DHA intakes from main dietary sources Estimated potential intakes UK adult intakes from regular foods - based on consumption EPA + DHA intake (mg/d) mean intake from : 199mg/d Total mean intake inc. other foods: 244mg/d (inc. fish) (Givens and Gibbs, 26) 244 SACN target intake: 45mg/d What factors may influence dietary intakes of VLC n Beef + Poultry Eggs: table Semiskimmed cheese Full fat Veal and others milk Givens, D I and Gibbs, R A. (26). Nutrition Bulletin 31, Total Consumption of Oily - Effect of / Canned tuna not classed as an oily fish (Gibbs et al., Unpub.) 45 EPA + DHA Intakes by age and gender in UK adults 25% EPA + DHA Intake (mg/d) mean group ( from NDNS, 22) 2

3 What factors may influence dietary intakes of VLC n -3 Intake of EPA + DHA (mg/d) Intakes by and in Low Survey Group UK mean Differing survey methods (4 x 24 hr recalls) Differing age groupings LI mean group Implications How Can Intakes Be Increased ly, our young people are vastly underconsuming VLC n-3 (along with many older people!) Only a snapshot in time Evidence also indicates Low income/materially deprived adults may have even poorer intakes If this continues, the potential benefits from VLC n-3 PUFA in later life may be compromised oil supplements Omega-3 spread Increased oily fish consumption Highlights the need for different strategies to increase intakes in different population groups Lipgene Prototype Univ. of Reading: VLC n-3 PUFA Poultry meat Animal Nutrition Animal- foods Processing/ manufacturing Fats/oils Unilever: VLC n-3 PUFA Spreads Salad oils Chicken Meat : A potential vehicle to increased intakes Why Widespread and high levels of consumption of chicken and turkey meat Amenability to enrichment through dietary supplementation with sources of VLC n-3 PUFA Chicken and turkey (g/wk) % of us are consumers Omega-3 3

4 [EPA], mg/1 g meat Enrichment with fish Responsive to dietary LC n-3 PUFA accumulate in membrane phospholipids which are relatively more abundant in white meat [EPA], mg/1 g diet EPA White meat Dark meat [DHA], mg/1 g meat [DHA], mg/1 g diet DHA Marine Algae Drawbacks Sustainability of fish stocks Certain algae species are rich in DHA Increasing cost of fish oils As effective as fish oil Variable composition May give rise to reduced oxidative stability Oxidative stability Cost What can be achieved Poultry diet (/kg): 4 g fish oil, 1 iu vitamin E animal- foods Impact on intakes 2 g uncooked, skinless, white meat contains 3 mg EPA+DHA EPA + DHA intake (mg/d) intakes from regular and enriched foods - based on consumption Poultry 8.8 Eggs 54 Semiskimmed milk Givens, D I and Gibbs, R A. (26). Nutrition Bulletin 31, (Givens and Gibbs, 26) mean intake from : 199mg/d total mean intake: 244mg/d Potential mean intake from enriched animal- foods: 231 mg/d ~33% from enriched poultry meat ~23% from enriched eggs Beef + Veal 24 Cheese Normal Intake EPA+DHA Predicted mean intakes of EPA+DHA in UK adults mg/person/day by age and gender Increase in intakes will be proportionately greater in nonconsumers of oily fish than population as a whole group/gender Male Animal Potential Animal Female Animal Potential Animal 4

5 Conclusions Younger people currently have lowest intakes - result of very low fish consumption Oily fish cons 27% oily fish consumers Mean EPA+DHA intake 244mg/d Probably <1mg/d in non consumers of oily fish Children Elderly Increase Low group - lower mean intakes Replace regular animal foods with enriched ones Proportionate increase in intakes greater in nonconsumers of oily fish Thank you! Prof. Ian Givens Dr. Caroline Rymer Use of Cod liver oil and other fish-based supplements NDNS, 22 Low DNS, % % % 12% 65+ Male Female Use appears to increase with age Fewer Low take these supplements oil supplements Advantages: Convenient Potential to provide high doses conveniently Disadvantages: Cost Compliance/irregular use Wide variability in composition and strength Confusing to consumer Mg/d VLC n-3 3 PUFA intakes: key issues Recommended intakes COMA (1994) Reduced CHD risk Significant effect on CV risk factors recommendation: SACN (24) 45mg/d Mozaffarian et al. (23) Prevention of reinfarction SACN summary (24) More potent physiological effects ~ 1-2g/d Singh (1997) 5

Health effects of consuming 2 portions per week of Scottish farmed salmon raised on different feeding regimes. Baukje de Roos

Health effects of consuming 2 portions per week of Scottish farmed salmon raised on different feeding regimes Baukje de Roos Sustainable sources of fish as food PROGRAMME Aquaculture has the potential