Estimated mean cholestero intake. (mg/day) NHANES survey cycle
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1 320 Estimated mean cholestero intake (mg/day) NHANES survey cycle Figure S1. Estimated mean 1 (95% confidence intervals) of total dietary cholesterol intake for the U.S. adults 20 years of age or older, in NHANES survey cycles: to Age and sex adjusted means of cholesterol intake by direct standardization to the 2000 US Census population
2 Table S1. Crude and adjusted * mean dietary cholesterol intake and cholesterol density (proportion of cholesterol of total calories) for the U.S. adults 20 years of age or older, NHANES survey cycles: to NHANES survey cycle Mean intake (mg/day) Density (mg/1000 kcal) Crude Adjusted Crude Adjusted Overall 287 ( ) 288 ( ) 134 ( ) 134 ( ) ( ) 282 ( ) 130 ( ) 130 ( ) ( ) 290 ( ) 135 ( ) 134 ( ) ( ) 296 ( ) 136 ( ) 136 ( ) ( ) 295 ( ) 138 ( ) 139 ( ) ( ) 276 ( ) 130 ( ) 130 ( ) ( ) 282 ( ) 132 ( ) 131 ( ) ( ) 294 ( ) 139 ( ) 139 ( ) P trend * Adjusted mean intake was calculated by direct standardization to the 2000 US Census population, adjusted for age and sex. + Adjusted p trend values were calculated from a survey weighted linear regression modeling survey cycle as ordinal variable, adjusted for race, age, and sex.
3 Table S2. Estimated means 1 of total dietary cholesterol intake for the U.S. adults 20 years of age or older, NHANES survey cycles: to Overall p trend * N (unweighted) 34,741 4,744 4,448 4,520 5,419 5,762 4,801 5,047 Overall Sex Male Female Age group Race Non Hispanic White Non Hispanic Black Mexican American Other Age and sex adjusted means of cholesterol intake by direct standardization to the 2000 US Census population * p trend values were calculated from a survey weighted linear regression modeling survey cycle as ordinal variable, adjusted for race, age, and sex.
4 Table S3. Estimated total dietary cholesterol intake (mg/day) and percentage (%) by food groups with meat/grain products subgroups for US adults aged 20 years in NHANES, Milk a Eggs Meat Grain products Other All All meat Red meat Poultry Processed meat Seafood Mixed dishes All grain products Cooked grains b Breads c RTE cereals d Other grain products e Overall 33 (11.2) 74 (25.4) 123 (41.9) 24 (8.3) 34 (11.7) 15 (5.1) 15 (5.0) 36 (12.2) 51 (17.5) 1 (0.0) 14 (4.8) 0 (0.0) 36 (12.3) 12 (4.0) 293 (100) Sex Male (ref.) 38 (11.0) 89 (25.6) 151 (43.3) 32 (9.4) 42 (12.2) 19 (5.6) 17 (4.9) 40 (11.5) 58 (16.7) 1 (0.0) 15 (4.3) 0 (0.0) 43 (12.4) 12 (3.5) 348 (100) Female 28 (11.6) + 61 (25.2) 97 (40.1) * 17 (6.9) + 27 (11.0) 11 (4.6) + 12 (5.1) 32 (13.2) 45 (18.5) 1 (0.0) 14 (5.8) * 0 (0.0) 30 (12.4) 11 (4.7) (100) Age group (ref.) 34 (10.7) 81 (25.6) 131 (41.5) 28 (8.8) 42 (13.2) 15 (4.6) 13 (4.3) 37 (11.8) 59 (18.9) 0 (0.0) 12 (3.8) 0 (0.0) 47 (14.9) 10 (3.3) 315 (100) (10.8) 71 (23.5) 132 (43.5) * 28 (9.2) 37 (12.3) 15 (5.1) 16 (5.3) 35 (11.7) 56 (18.6) * 1 (0.0) 13 (4.3) 0 (0.0) 43 (14.2) 11(3.6) 303 (100) (11.2) 74 (26.3) 117 (41.3) 21 (7.3) 31 (11.0) 15 (5.4) 14 (5.1) 36 (12.7) 48 (17.0) + 1 (0.0) 16 (5.7) + 0 (0.0) 31 (11.0) 12 (4.2) 283 (100) (13.5) 74 (28.9) 100 (39.2) 19 (7.3) 22 (8.7) 14 (5.7) 13 (4.9) 34 (13.2) 32 (12.5) + 1 (0.0) * 16 (6.3) + 0 (0.0) 15 (5.9) + 15 (5.8) (100) Race Non Hispanic White (ref.) 37 (13.2) 69 (24.4) 115 (40.8) 23 (8.2) 29 (10.2) 17 (5.9) 13 (4.5) 35 (12.4) 48 (17.1) 1 (0.0) 15 (5.3) 0 (0.0) 33 (11.7) 13 (4.5) 282 (100) Non Hispanic Black 22 (6.7) + 78 (24.4) 166 (51.8) + 28 (8.7) 57 (17.8) + 16 (5.1) 27 (8.3) + 45 (14.1) 44 (13.8) 1 (0.0) 15 (4.7) 0 (0.0) 28 (8.8) 11 (3.3) (100) Mexican American 24 (7.2) (30.1) (32.8) * 25 (7.5) 33 (9.9) 9 (2.7) + 9 (2.6) 31 (9.2) * 91 (27) + 0 (0.0) 14 (4.1) 0 (0.0) 77 (22.8) + 10 (2.9) 338 (100) Other 27 (9.4) + 79 (27.2) 132 (45.3) * 26 (8.9) 41 (14.2) + 10 (3.4) + 18 (6.1) + 35 (12.0) 44 (15.1) 1 (0.0) 12 (4.1) 0 (0.0) 31 (10.6) 9 (3.1) 292 (100) a Milk refers to milk and milk products b Cooked grains refer to cooked grains and cereals c Breads refer to breads and breads products d RTE cereals refer to ready to eat cereals e Other grain products refer to not cooked cereals, grain mixtures, and meat substitutes * p <0.05, + p <0.01 for percentage of dietary cholesterol intake comparison
5 Table S4. Food and nutrients intake of one day dietary measures by dietary cholesterol intake quartiles for U.S. men aged 20 years in NHANES, Overall Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 P trend * N (unweighted) Cholesterol intake, mean(se), mg/day 348 (7.7) 101 (2.1) 216 (1.4) 368 (3.2) 731 (18.1) Cholesterol intake, range, mg/day (0, 2584) (0, 160) (161, 277) (278, 476) (477, 2584) Food intake, mean (SE), mg/day Milk and milk products 226 (10.8) 175 (12.5) 223 (16.4) 251 (20.7) 253 (19.9) <0.001 Meat, Poultry, Fish & Mixtures 248 (7.6) 113 (6.2) 226 (8.8) 293 (13.0) 365 (18.7) <0.001 Eggs 31 (1.4) 2 (0.9) 7 (2.1) 20 (1.9) 103 (5.0) <0.001 Legumes, Nuts and Seeds 36 (2.1) 45 (5.0) 29 (3.9) 32 (3.8) 39 (4.1) 0.53 Grain products 373 (7.4) 307 (10.9) 363 (18.3) 396 (9.8) 426 (14.7) <0.001 Fruits 147 (6.6) 160 (14.8) 128 (10.9) 139 (11.1) 165 (9.5) 0.63 Vegetables 180 (9.2) 137 (6.4) 174 (11.6) 179 (16.0) 231 (18.9) <0.001 Fats, Oils & Salad Dressings 13 (0.9) 8 (1.0) 14 (1.9) 14 (1.6) 15 (1.7) Nutrients intake, mean (SE) Protein, mean (SE), gm/day 98 (1.25) 58 (1.9) 87 (1.3) 108 (2.1) 141 (3.3) <0.001 Carbohydrate, mean (SE), gm/day 287 (3.2) 240 (5.1) 280 (7.0) 302 (7.9) 327 (8.8) <0.001 Dietary fiber, mean (SE), gm/day 19 (0.4) 17 (0.6) 19 (0.5) 19 (0.7) 21 (0.9) Total fat, mean (SE), gm/day 95 (1.3) 59 (1.3) 86 (2.1) 103 (2.1) 134 (3.1) <0.001 Total saturated fatty acids, mean (SE), gm/day 31 (0.5) 18 (0.4) 28 (0.8) 35 (0.9) 44 (1.0) <0.001 Total monounsaturated fatty acids, mean (SE), gm/day 33 (0.4) 21 (0.5) 30 (0.7) 35 (0.7) 48 (1.1) <0.001 Total polyunsaturated fatty acids, mean (SE), gm/day 22 (0.5) 15 (0.5) 20 (0.7) 23 (0.7) 30 (1.2) <0.001 Vitamin C, mean (SE), mg/day 83 (2.4) 71 (5.1) 79 (4.1) 80 (5.6) 105 (6.9) Vitamin D, mean (SE), mcg/day 6 (0.3) 3 (0.3) 5 (0.2) 6 (0.3) 8 (1.0) <0.001 Calcium, mean (SE), mg/day 1086 (18.3) 759 (22.9) 1058 (28.3) 1169 (35.9) 1363 (33.8) <0.001 Phosphorus, mean (SE), mg/day 1625 (17.9) 1096 (33.7) 1502 (28.4) 1753 (33.8) 2171 (48.4) <0.001 Sodium, mean (SE), mg/day 4094 (53.3) 2694 (48.1) 3767 (76.0) 4496 (95.6) 5470 (123.8) <0.001 Potassium, mean (SE), mg/day 3016 (36.0) 2317 (59.7) 2875 (64.4) 3126 (71.4) 3782 (64.1) <0.001 * p trend values were calculated from a survey weighted linear regression modeling cholesterol intake quartiles as ordinal variable
6 Table S5. Food and nutrients intake of one day dietary measures by dietary cholesterol intake quartiles for U.S. women aged 20 years in NHANES, Overall Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 P trend * N (unweighted) Cholesterol intake, mean(se), mg/day 242 (3.10) 69 (1.3) 149 (1.2) 255 (1.7) 519 (5.7) Cholesterol intake, range, mg/day (0, 1944) (0, 111) (112, 191) (192, 333) (334, 1944) Food intake, mean (SE), mg/day Milk and milk products 172 (6.1) 139 (9.0) 171 (5.9) 197 (12.2) 184 (10.8) Meat, Poultry, Fish & Mixtures 173 (5.3) 86 (6.0) 152 (8.6) 212 (10.2) 251 (15.1) <0.001 Eggs 24 (1.5) 2 (0.7) 3 (0.7) 15 (1.6) 79 (4.9) <0.001 Legumes, Nuts and Seeds 26 (1.2) 29 (2.5) 21 (3.1) 27 (2.8) 28 (3.0) 0.80 Grain products 284 (5.3) 222 (8.5) 300 (9.6) 315 (7.7) 302 (12.9) <0.001 Fruits 141 (6.0) 136 (9.9) 143 (11.0) 139 (9.9) 147 (15.4) 0.65 Vegetables 167 (4.4) 141 (6.8) 165 (10.4) 165 (9.2) 200 (10.3) Fats, Oils & Salad Dressings 11 (0.7) 9 (1.0) 10 (0.9) 14 (1.4) 13 (1.4) Nutrients intake, mean (SE) Protein, mean (SE), gm/day 70 (0.8) 43 (1.1) 62 (1.1) 80 (0.8) 97 (2.6) <0.001 Carbohydrate, mean (SE), gm/day 220 (3.0) 184 (5.1) 217 (4.4) 239 (3.8) 244 (9.3) <0.001 Dietary fiber, mean (SE), gm/day 99 (1.7) 83 (2.8) 96 (2.5) 107 (2.3) 110 (5.4) <0.001 Total fat, mean (SE), gm/day 15 (0.3) 14 (0.5) 15 (0.5) 16 (0.4) 16 (0.5) <0.001 Total saturated fatty acids, mean (SE), gm/day 71 (0.7) 45 (1.6) 64 (1.8) 83 (2.1) 96 (2.9) <0.001 Total monounsaturated fatty acids, mean (SE), gm/day 23 (0.2) 13 (0.4) 21 (0.5) 28 (0.8) 31 (1.0) <0.001 Total polyunsaturated fatty acids, mean (SE), gm/day 25 (0.3) 16 (0.7) 21 (0.7) 28 (0.7) 34 (1.1) Vitamin C, mean (SE), mg/day 17 (0.2) 12 (0.6) 15 (0.6) 19 (0.5) 22 (0.8) <0.001 Vitamin D, mean (SE), mcg/day 75 (2.2) 66 (3.6) 78 (4.3) 70 (3.8) 86 (3.9) <0.001 Calcium, mean (SE), mg/day 4 (0.1) 3 (0.2) 3 (0.2) 5 (0.3) 6 (0.3) Phosphorus, mean (SE), mg/day 852 (10.9) 642 (22.7) 840 (20.1) 971 (22.9) 971 (34.1) <0.001 Sodium, mean (SE), mg/day 1187 (12.2) 820 (21.7) 1101 (21.8) 1339 (12.9) 1526 (37.7) <0.001 Potassium, mean (SE), mg/day 2997 (22.1) 2003 (43.7) 2818 (59.3) 3393 (52.0) 3869 (95.9) <0.001 * p trend values were calculated from a survey weighted linear regression modeling cholesterol intake quartiles as ordinal variable
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