Interac(on: the nervous and endocrine systems INTERACTION: THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
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1 INTERACTION: THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
2 The interac+on process The neuron Electric signals The central nervous system (CNS) (I) The central nervous system (CNS) (II) The peripheral nervous system The autonomic nervous system The endocrine system The nervous and endocrine systems Healthy habits. Diseases of the nervous and endocrine systems Oxford University Press España, S. A. 2
3 THE INTERACTION PROCESS Oxford University Press España, S. A. 3
4 Interac(on includes a series of processes whose objec+ves are: To adapt the body to changing condi+ons, in the internal as well as external environment. To connect and coordinate the different parts of our body so that they work together. These objec+ves are carried out by two systems: the nervous and endocrine systems. STIMULUS RECEPTOR nerve impulse NERVOUS SYSTEM RESPONSE MUSCLE EFFECTOR GLAND LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Oxford University Press España, S. A. 4
5 THE NEURON Oxford University Press España, S. A. 5
6 Neurons are the most specialised cells in the body. Their capacity for reproduc+on is very limited. They are made up of a cell body, which is similar to all other cells, and has two kinds of long extensions: dendrites and axons or neurites. Cell body: this contains the nucleus and other organelles, and is filled with cytoplasm. Axon: this is a long extension that is made up of cytoplasm and carries nerve impulses from the cell body to another neuron or cell. Dendrites: these are short, branched extensions of the cell body that receive nerve impulses from other neurons. Oxford University Press España, S. A. 6
7 ELECTRIC SIGNALS Oxford University Press España, S. A. 7
8 Neurons have a unique ability: they generate and transmit nerve impulses. When a neuron is s+mulated, some electrical changes originate in the membrane and these transmit the electric signal from the dendrites towards the axon. Neurons are not isolated. They work with one another to establish connec+ons called synapses. cell body of first neuron mitochondria nerve impulse vesicles synap+c clel impulse on the dendrite cell body of adjacent neuron axon dendrites axon synapse dendrite Oxford University Press España, S. A. 8
9 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) (I) Oxford University Press España, S. A. 9
10 It is made up of nerve centres, which are responsible for integra+ng informa+on received, coordina+ng it and preparing a response. skull The spine, a cord of nerve +ssue that runs through the spinal canal. spine The brain, the part of the nervous system that is inside the skull. It is divided into four sec+ons: the spinal bulb, the brains stem, the cerebellum and the cerebrum. Oxford University Press España, S. A. 10
11 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) (II) Oxford University Press España, S. A. 11
12 lel cerebral hemisphere brain stem skull spinal cord ependyma dorsal root white mamer dorsal root dorsal horn (sensory nerves) ventral root dorsal horn (motor neurons) grey mamer ventral root hypothalamus cerebrum pituitary gland spinal bulb cerebellum spinal cord meninges sympathe+c trunks ventral root dorsal root spinal nerve vertebra communica+ng branch sympathe+c trunk ganglia Oxford University Press España, S. A. 12
13 THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Oxford University Press España, S. A. 13
14 The peripheral nervous system connects all of the receptors and effectors in the body to the nerve centre. The peripheral nervous system is divided into: The soma(c nervous system, which connects the sensory receptors of the sensory organs to the central nervous system and this to the skeletal muscle. It receives informa+on from external s+muli. It also transmits signals for voluntary muscle contrac+ons. The autonomic nervous system rregulates and controls involuntary body func+ons. is divided into two parts: the sympathe(c nervous system and the parasympathe(c nervous system. abducens (eye movement) trigeminal (facial sensa+ons and jaw movement) auditory (hearing and balance) op(c (vision) olfactory (smell) oculomotor (eye movement) trochlear (eye movement) facial (taste and facial expression) dorsal root ganglion dorsal root sensory neuron vagus (diges+on, respira+on and circula+on) hypoglossal (tongue movement) glossopharyngeal (taste and sensa+ons in the throat) spinal accessory (neck and dorsal muscles) ventral root spinal nerve motor neuron Oxford University Press España, S. A. 14
15 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Oxford University Press España, S. A. 15
16 The parasympathe+c nervous system provokes relaxa+on and the organs work more slowly and less intensely. The sympathe+c nervous system controls most of the body s organs so that they work more effec+vely under stress. dilates pupils controls pupils cervical spinal nerves thoracic spinal lower lumbar spinal nerves inhibits saliva+on accelerates the heart rate dilates the bronchi s+mulates produc+on of glucose inhibits stomach ac+vity s+mulates urine release slows down diges+on process relaxes bladder muscles s+mulates saliva+on slows the heart rate contracts the bronchi s+mulates the gall bladder s+mulates stomach ac+vity inhibits urine release speeds up diges+on process contracts bladder muscles s+mulates s+mulates erec+ons ejacula+on Oxford University Press España, S. A. 16
17 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Oxford University Press España, S. A. 17
18 The endocrine system is made up of a coordinated group of glands called the endocrine glands. They are called endocrine (endo means internal) because they release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Pituitary gland Posterior lobe An+diure+c (ADH) Oxytocin Anterior lobe S+mula+ng hormones Growth hormone Pancreas Insulin Glucagon Tes(cles Androgens Thyroid gland Thyrosine Parathyroid glands Parathyroid hormone Adrenal glands Adrenaline Cor+costeroids Aldosterone Ovaries Estrogens Progesterone Oxford University Press España, S. A. 18
19 NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS Oxford University Press España, S. A. 19
20 Nervous system Endocrine system Conductor(s) nerves Circulatory system Response Coordina+on fast very specific short in +me ac+ons that require an immediate response slow not very specific prolongued ac+ons that develop during a period of +me How nerve impulses hormones Oxford University Press España, S. A. 20
21 HEALTHY HABITS. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS Oxford University Press España, S. A. 21
22 To keep the nervous system healthy, we should follow these recommenda+ons: Lead an orderly life. Do not consume any type of drugs. Perform intellectual and mental exercises regularly. Try to eat foods rich in vitamin B 1, B 3 and phosphorous. Avoid stress. Othersl(vem diseases Degenera+vas Mentales Otras Alzheimer Parkinson s disease Mul+ple sclerosis ALS Schizophrenia Neurosis Depression Infec+ous diseases Epilepsy Narcolepsy Endocrine system diseases Diabetes Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Dwarfism Gian+sm Addison's disease Cushing's syndrome Oxford University Press España, S. A. 22
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