Management of Lower Limb Ulcers. D. NAIK MBChB FRACS DDU
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1 Management of Lower Limb Ulcers D. NAIK MBChB FRACS DDU
2 Ulcer A defect in the epithelium
3 Ulcer A failure to heal
4 Aetiology of Leg Ulcers Arterial Venous Neuropathic Vasculitic Infectious Neoplastic Lymphoedema Traumatic Fictitious D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
5 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
6 History Varicose veins Deep venous thrombosis Claudication Rest pain Diabetes Injury Arthritis
7 Clinical Examination Oedema Surrounding skin Site Pain Ulcer Pulses Stigmata of venous disease Doppler indices D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
8 Venous Ulcers Gaiter area Mild pain Venous ooze Shallow,irregular shape,round edges Granulating base Surrounding inflammation Stasis dermatitis D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
9 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
10 Venous ulcer
11 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
12 Venous ulcer
13 Venous ulcer
14 Venous Ulcer
15
16 Marjolin s ulcer
17 Ischaemic Ulcers Occur distally and over bony prominences Severe pain Little or no bleeding Irregular edge Poor granulation tissue Absent surrounding inflammation Trophic changes Absent pulses and low ABI D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
18
19 Neuropathic Ulcers Under calluses or pressure points Painless Bleeding maybe brisk Punched out,with deep sinus Surrounding inflammation Demonstrable neuropathy D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
20 Neuropathic ulcer
21 Management of Ulcers History Physical examination Blood tests Pus swab Vascular imaging Biopsy D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
22 Epidemiology of Venous Ulcers 0.06 and 1% Rising prevalence in elderly Peak prevalence age 70 years F:M ratio 3:1 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
23 Risk factors for Venous Ulceration Venous insufficiency Previous DVT Chronic skin changes Local trauma Aggravation by co-existing conditions D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
24 Macrovascular Changes Ambulatory venous hypertension
25 Microvascular Changes Pericapillary fibrin deposition Localised microvascular ischaemia White cell adhaerence White cell activation Activity of inflammatory mediators D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
26 Management of Venous Ulcers General measures Adjuvant pharmacotherapy Compression Dressings Sclerotherapy Endovenous interventions Surgery D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
27 Management-General Measures Address needs of the patient as a whole Consider lifestyle,mobility,occupation Elevation of legs Prop bed up by 10-15% D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
28 Management- Adjuvant Pharmacotherapy Only in addition to compression Agents include :fibrinolytic agents fibrinolysis-enhancing hydroxyrutosides pentoxifylline prostaglandin E systemic antibiotics diuretics D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
29
30
31 Management - Dressings Choice is a matter of clinical judgement Insufficient clinical trials to allow recommendation D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
32 The Ideal Dressing Reduce ulcer pain Allow excess exudate to escape Be non-allergenic Easy to change without discomfort Leave no dressing residue Inexpensive Easy to apply D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
33 Management-Compression Ambulant patients need bandages or stockings mm Hg at ankle Graduated Sustained compression D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
34 Ideal Compression Bandaging System Gradient of pressure Even pressure over anatomical contours Maintains pressure Remains in position Complements dressing functions Non-irritant and non-allergenic Comfortable Washable D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
35 Venous Ulceration 50-70% of venous ulceration is secondary to primary varicose veins and is curable with relatively simple venous interventions D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
36 Management of Venous Incompetence Compression Saphenous ablation chemical radiofrequency laser surgery D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
37 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
38 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
39 Epidemiology Disease of Western civilisation 10-20% men and 67% of adult women have physically identifiable varicosities Varicose veins range from venectasia or telangiectasia to protuberant tortuous varicosities D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
40 Primary Varicose Veins Great Saphenous Small Saphenous Perforator veins D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
41 Secondary Varicose Veins A-V fistula Deep venous obstruction D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
42 Investigation Duplex scan Venography CT venography D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
43 Duplex Scanning Combination of ultrasound and Doppler Operator dependent Significantly improved our understanding and management of varicose veins Relatively cheap and non-invasive Mandatory prior to any major intervention D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
44 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
45 Complications Bleeding Eczema Superficial thrombophlebitis Ulceration Deep vein thrombosis D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
46 Every treatment has pros and cons and informed consent should include discussion about all options of management
47 Management Conservative Sclerotherapy Non-surgical saphenous ablation Chemical Radiofrequency Laser Surgery D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
48 Conservative treatment Weight loss Exercise Compression hosiery D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
49 Local Sclerotherapy Simple office procedure Good results in appropriately selected patients May buy time Cheapest option D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
50 Ultrasound Guided Sclerotherapy [UGS] Minimally invasive Poor results in large veins Good option in selected patients Systemic effects of sclerosants unknown May require multiple treatments Phlebitis and brown staining an issue Poor long-term results D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
51 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
52 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
53 Endovenous Laser Therapy First described by Bone in 1999 Diode laser forms steam bubbles in blood leading to endothelial damage,coagulative necrosis and thrombotic occlusion of vein Requires tumescent anaesthesia Deals with saphenous trunks only Requires adjunctive procedures for varices Early results favourable Day procedure D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
54 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
55 Radiofrequency Ablation First described by Goldman in 2000 Heat generated by radiofrequency probe causes local heating of vein wall Requires tumescent anaesthesia Deals with saphenous trunks only Requires adjunctive procedures for varices Day procedure D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
56 Management Surgical Therapy Varicose vein surgery Valvuloplasty Venous cuffs Venous bypass SSG Flaps D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
57 Surgery Still regarded as the gold standard Excellent results if performed well Requires anaesthesia,cuts and more recovery Neovascularisation in less than 7% Cutaneous nerve injury and leg swelling are issues Good long-term results Everything treated in one hit D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
58 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
59 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
60 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
61 Complications of Venous Interventions Complicatio EVLT RFA SURGERY ns Bruising Pain Parathesia Phlebitis Haemotom a Burns Infection 0-3 D Naik MBchB FRACS 0-20 DDU [Vascular] 2-15
62 Management of Varicose Veins UGS EVLT/RF SURGERY Invasion Cost Discomfort Recovery Recurrence +++?? + D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
63
64
65 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
66 Äetiology of Arterial Occlusive Disease Atherosclerosis Emboli Arterial dissection Arteritis Aneurysms Arterial trauma Entrapment syndromes Adventitial cystic disease Vascular tumours D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
67 Epidemiology of PAD Affects 12-14% of the general population Affects upto 20% of patients over 75 Coexistent coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease are highly prevalent in patients with PAD D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
68 Natural History Relative benign % no change or improvement over 5 years 25% get worse over 5 years and require intervention Less than 12% end up with amputation D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
69 History Location Duration Progress Distance Time for relief Associated rest pain D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
70 Management of Arterial Ulcers Duplex scanning Arteriography Angioplasty/stent Vascular reconstruction Debridement Skin grafting D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
71 Rest pain Pain felt in the distal forefoot which is exacerbated by elevation
72 Examination Arterial palpation Bruits Pallor Rubor Temperature Tissue loss Integumentary changes ABI D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
73 Interpreting Doppler Readings >1 Normal arterial flow 0.9 Mild degree of arterial involvement 0.8 Lowest level at which compression can be safely applied 0.7 Significant arterial disease is present and full compression should not be used 0.5 Limb is at risk and urgent vascular opinion should be sought D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
74 Non-invasive Vascular Tests Exercise ABI Pressure studies Duplex scanning Ultrasound Doppler Spectral analysis D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
75 ABI Right Leg Left Leg Exe rcis e Per iod Rest Minutes Post Exercise D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
76 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
77 Invasive studies CT angiography MR angiography Digital subtraction angiography D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
78
79
80 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
81 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
82 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
83 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
84 Best Medical Therapy Smoking Antiplatelet therapy Hypertension Diabetes Hyperlipidaemia Statin Cilastozol,Trental Exercise D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
85 Endovascular Treatment Angioplasty Stenting Atherectomy Thombolysis D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
86 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
87 Angioplasty Best in big arteries with short stenoses Results below inguinal ligament best in focal lesions Short occlusions Myointimal hyperplasia affects results Greater role in high risk patients D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
88 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
89 Stenting Good long term results in iliac arteries Results below the inguinal ligament less durable Stent fracture an issue in mobile arteries Myointimal hyperplasia and in stent restenosis affect durability D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
90 Surgical Treatment Aortoiliofemoral interventions Femoropopliteal reconstructions Distal arterial reconstruction Sympathectomy Amputation D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
91 Surgical outcomes Improved outcomes with better peri-operative care and surgical techniques Operative mortality about 2-3 % Synthetic grafts work well in the aorta and iliacs but autologous grafts preferred below the infra-inguinal ligament 5 year patency rates about 70-80% and limb salvage rates 80-90% Appropriate work up prior to surgery essential D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
92 Endovascular or Surgery? BASIL trial Life expectancy greater than 2 years limb salvage greater and mortality lower in surgery patients Role of stenting still undefined but long-term patency and cost effectiveness remain an issue D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
93 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
94 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
95 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
96 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
97 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
98 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
99 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
100 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
101 D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
102 Ulcers When to refer Pain Infection Absent pulses ABI < 0.8 Refractory ulcers Cellulitis Deteriorating ulcers D Naik MBchB FRACS DDU [Vascular]
103 Conclusion Aetiology of lower limb ulcers is often multifactorial Management of leg ulcers should include an assessment and management of aetiological factors Current management of vascular patients involves tailoring intervention according to the clinical and risk profile of the patient
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