Diseases. Are defined as any deviation from normal functioning of the body Can affect any body part, organ or system

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2 Objectives To identify and describe communicable and non-communicable diseases and their prevention and treatments. To identify and explain personal preventive health measures. To analyze risk factors associated with contracting diseases. To analyze the relationship between health promotion and disease prevention. 2

3 Main Menu Disease & The Immune System Communicable Diseases Communicable Disease Prevention & Treatment Non-Communicable Diseases Non-Communicable Disease Prevention & Treatment 3

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5 Diseases Are defined as any deviation from normal functioning of the body Can affect any body part, organ or system 5

6 Diseases Cause damage to healthy normal body cells cell structure and function are often affected by disease diseased cells do not grow normally 6

Diseases Are either communicable or noncommunicable communicable diseases are those which can be passed from a contaminated person, animal, substance or surface to another

7 Diseases Are either communicable or noncommunicable communicable diseases are those which can be passed from a contaminated person, animal, substance or surface to another person non-communicable diseases cannot be passed from person to person, but are usually developed spontaneously or due to exposure to carcinogens or an unhealthy lifestyle 7

Diseases Are typically characterized by specific sets of symptoms and signs symptoms are subjective, meaning they are based on or influenced by personal feelings for

8 Diseases Are typically characterized by specific sets of symptoms and signs symptoms are subjective, meaning they are based on or influenced by personal feelings for example, pain, nausea, fatigue signs are objective or not influenced by personal feelings for example, rash, fever, swelling Without signs or symptoms are known as asymptomatic 8

9 Acute Diseases Are short-term and usually have a sudden onset these are the common diseases most people think of when they worry about getting sick cold, flu, strep throat, pinkeye, chickenpox, appendicitis, etc. 9

10 Chronic Diseases Are long-term, usually last for life, and have signs and symptoms which recur frequently diabetes, epilepsy, Alzheimer's, malaria, etc. chronic disease may become terminal if left unmonitored and untreated 10

11 Terminal Diseases Are those which cannot be cured and are likely fatal the term is usually used to describe progressive diseases which have reached a point of severity which makes even the most aggressive treatment unlikely to improve the patient s condition 11

12 Terminal Diseases Are those which cannot be cured and are likely fatal certain types of cancer, late-stage cancers and advanced heart disease are commonly referred to as terminal 12

13 The Immune System Is a complex network of cells, tissues and organs acting as the body s natural defense against disease Attempts to block antigens, or toxins and foreign substances, from entering the body 13

14 The Immune System Works to recognize, remember and destroy antigens which do enter the body Can cause diseases if it works incorrectly for example, allergies, arthritis and asthma 14

15 Innate Immunity Involves barriers which keep harmful material from entering the body Includes examples such as: skin enzymes in skin oils, sweat and tears cough and sneeze reflexes mucus ear wax stomach acid 15

Acquired Immunity Develops with exposure to various antigens and works to protect the body against those specific antigens in the future Requires a

16 Acquired Immunity Develops with exposure to various antigens and works to protect the body against those specific antigens in the future Requires a healthy immune system people with weakened immune systems may have trouble fighting off even the most common of antigens, causing them to become sick 16

17 Acquired Immunity Occurs through a process known as the immune response involves two types of white blood cells, or leukocytes phagocytes: cells which chew up invading antigens lymphocytes: cells which remember and recognize previously seen antigens 17

Lymphocytes Are classified as B type or T type B lymphocytes, or B cells, work to identify an antigen and produce antibodies against it antibodies

18 Lymphocytes Are classified as B type or T type B lymphocytes, or B cells, work to identify an antigen and produce antibodies against it antibodies attach to a specific antigen to signal for the immune cells to destroy it T lymphocytes, or T cells, work to signal B cells and destroy antigens directly 18

Immune Response Includes the following steps: recognition large phagocytes called macrophages engulf antigens, process them and display them on the cell surface for T

19 Immune Response Includes the following steps: recognition large phagocytes called macrophages engulf antigens, process them and display them on the cell surface for T cells to recognize mobilization T cells bind to the processed and displayed antigens and become activated, triggering B cells to create specific antibodies for the antigen 19

Immune Response Includes the following steps: disposal antibodies attach to antigen to prevent further growth and signal phagocytes and T cells to destroy it immunity a few

20 Immune Response Includes the following steps: disposal antibodies attach to antigen to prevent further growth and signal phagocytes and T cells to destroy it immunity a few antibodies, T cells and B cells multiply and provide memory for the immune system, allowing faster and more efficient response the next time the body is exposed to the antigen 20

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22 Communicable Diseases Can be passed from a contaminated person, animal, substance or surface to another person a carrier of a communicable disease is known as a vector Are caused by pathogens disease-causing microorganisms such as germs, worms and parasites 22

Types of Pathogens Include: bacteria microscopic, single-celled organisms which can release toxins many are harmless or beneficial viruses microscopic

23 Types of Pathogens Include: bacteria microscopic, single-celled organisms which can release toxins many are harmless or beneficial viruses microscopic infective agents which take over a host s functions to reproduce fungi plant-like organisms which absorb nutrients from their surroundings many are harmless 23

Types of Pathogens Include: protozoa parasitic single-celled organisms which can reproduce in a host most are harmless rickettsia type of bacteria found in ticks,

24 Types of Pathogens Include: protozoa parasitic single-celled organisms which can reproduce in a host most are harmless rickettsia type of bacteria found in ticks, lice, fleas, etc. which spread via the bloodstream and cause infection parasitic worms worms which live in people or animals and absorb nourishment from their hosts 24

25 Methods of Transmission Vary from pathogen to pathogen Include: air coughing, sneezing, breathing, etc. physical contact touching, sharing items carrying pathogens, etc. exchange of bodily fluids kissing, blood transfusion, sexual activity, etc. DNA being born with a disease 25

26 Risk Factors Associated with communicable disease transmission include: improperly prepared food animals stagnant water insects bodily fluids travel 26

27 Foods May host pathogens if improperly prepared for example salmonella, E. coli and mold Should be prepared carefully according to strict guidelines there are many government and private sources which give food preparation guidelines check out FoodSafety.gov to learn more 27

28 Animals Can be carriers of pathogens and diseases for example, rabies, tapeworm, ringworm, hantavirus and cat scratch disease Have very different immune systems than people, so even if the animal is not sick, it could be carrying a pathogen which could make a person sick 28

29 Stagnant Water Is naturally occurring water which stands still without flow, current or level changes ponds, puddles, drainage pools, etc. Often contains pathogens Should never be drunk, used for cooking, cleaning or played in 29

30 Insects Are common disease vectors carrying a wide variety of pathogens for example, mosquitos, ticks, fleas, flies and cockroaches 30

31 Insects May pass a disease to a person by biting the person or by landing on a surface which comes in contact with areas of the body not covered in skin for example, a fly landing on food consumed by a person 31

32 Bodily Fluids Include saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, vomit, urine, blood and sexual fluids Can carry pathogens and be vectors for disease this is why it is important to properly clean or dispose of anything which comes in contact with them, including tissues, fabrics and your hands 32

Travel To certain countries may increase the chances of contracting certain diseases different parts of the world are affected by different

33 Travel To certain countries may increase the chances of contracting certain diseases different parts of the world are affected by different pathogens and diseases traveling long distances often results in exposure to unfamiliar pathogens and diseases, increasing the chance of becoming sick 33

34 Communicable Diseases Vary in severity Examples include: cold flu pneumonia tetanus athlete s foot malaria hepatitis chickenpox measles scabies HIV tuberculosis lice meningitis 34

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36 Communicable Diseases Can be avoided by practicing a few simple prevention methods, including: washing hands using proper hygiene techniques avoiding risk factors getting regular wellness exams 36

37 Communicable Diseases Can be avoided by practicing a few simple prevention methods, including: getting recommended vaccinations becoming informed on health issues paying attention to signs and symptoms of sickness 37

Washing Hands Is a simple, very important way to prevent communicable diseases from spreading wash hands for at least 20 seconds with warm water and soap to kill pathogens always wash hands

38 Washing Hands Is a simple, very important way to prevent communicable diseases from spreading wash hands for at least 20 seconds with warm water and soap to kill pathogens always wash hands before and after cooking or eating, after using the bathroom, after touching animals, or whenever hands are dirty wash hands frequently when sick or coming in contact with someone who is sick 38

39 Proper Hygiene Includes all common practices used to maintain health through cleanliness showering or bathing daily washing hair brushing teeth washing hands covering coughs and sneezes 39

40 Avoiding Risk Factors Includes: preparing foods properly having pets visit the veterinarian regularly avoiding contact with wild animals avoiding stagnant water 40

41 Avoiding Risk Factors Includes: guarding against insects with clothing or repellant avoiding any contact with sick people avoiding transmission of bodily fluids avoiding travel to countries with increased disease risk 41

Wellness Exams Are medical examinations performed by a doctor or nurse aimed at preventing health problems includes checking vital body functions such as blood pressure,

42 Wellness Exams Are medical examinations performed by a doctor or nurse aimed at preventing health problems includes checking vital body functions such as blood pressure, pulse, temperature, etc. Are also known as check-ups Can detect early signs of disease, allowing for early treatment early treatment reduces the risks associated with disease 42

43 Vaccinations Are the injections of a killed or weakened organism which produces immunity in the body against the organism Are highly recommended to protect people against serious diseases learn more about recommended vaccinations at vaccines.gov 43

44 Health Information Can be useful when making decisions regarding health issues Can increase awareness of health risks and health maintenance practices Is available through many sources, including: school programs health fairs doctors and nurses hospitals and clinics community programs pharmacies national and state agencies nonprofit organizations 44

Paying Attention To the signs and symptoms of sickness is important to decrease the risk of spreading disease recognizing sickness is the first step in

45 Paying Attention To the signs and symptoms of sickness is important to decrease the risk of spreading disease recognizing sickness is the first step in preventing it from spreading when people are sick with a communicable disease, they should avoid going out in public, touching public surfaces and touching others 45

46 Treatment For communicable diseases vary by disease and pathogen most communicable diseases are treatable For serious or advanced communicable diseases may require hospitalization or professional medical help 46

Bacterial Diseases Can be treated by antibiotics in most cases antibiotics are a type of medicine which work by killing the bacteria or by stopping them from

47 Bacterial Diseases Can be treated by antibiotics in most cases antibiotics are a type of medicine which work by killing the bacteria or by stopping them from reproducing so the immune system can more easily kill them Should also be treated with rest, good nutrition and increased intake of fluids such as water and fruit juices 47

48 Viral Diseases Vary greatly, therefore treatment varies depending on the specific virus Must be killed by the immune system in most cases rest, good nutrition and fluids can help the body focus on fighting the disease 48

49 Viral Diseases May be treated with antiviral medications which minimize the severity and length of some viral infections, but cannot kill the virus without the help of the immune system 49

50 Fungal Diseases Can be treated with antifungal medications in most cases these come in various forms including topical creams, shampoos, pills, tablets and injections most work by damaging the cell wall of the fungus, causing the fungus to die 50

51 Protozoan Diseases Are difficult to treat most agents which kill or inhibit the growth of these are also highly toxic to human cells various types of antiparasitic medicine are usually used, but some types of protozoa have become resistant to some of these medicines, so combinations of different types must be used Are especially important to prevent because of the lack of effective treatment 51

52 Rickettsial Diseases Can usually be treated with antibiotics because rickettsia are a type of bacteria, treatment for rickettsial diseases is similar to the treatment for bacterial diseases this includes increased rest, fluid intake and good nutrition 52

53 Parasitic Worms Can be treated with anthelmintics, or medicines which stun or kill the worms to allow them to be expelled from the body Should also be treated with rigorous hygiene to prevent further transmission of the worms 53

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55 Non-Communicable Diseases Cannot be passed from person to person Are developed spontaneously or are caused by an unhealthy lifestyle or exposure to carcinogens carcinogens are cancer-causing agents Are most commonly chronic diseases 55

56 Non-Communicable Diseases May be affected by certain risk factors, including: lifestyle heredity age culture environment 56

Lifestyle Can affect the risk of contracting a noncommunicable disease unhealthy habits such as smoking, drinking, physical inactivity and poor diet are

57 Lifestyle Can affect the risk of contracting a noncommunicable disease unhealthy habits such as smoking, drinking, physical inactivity and poor diet are the leading factors contributing to non-communicable diseases high levels of stress can also increase the risk of developing non-communicable diseases 57

58 Heredity Can increase the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases Is the passing of genes from parents to children some diseases are more common among some families and if members of a person s family have a disease, he or she is more at-risk for contracting the disease 58

59 Heredity Is the passing of genes from parents to children some diseases are so dependent on heredity they are known as hereditary diseases for example, Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis 59

60 Age Affects a person s chances of developing non-communicable diseases many non-communicable diseases are developed later in life due to the wear and tear the body experiences over time 60

61 Culture Can affect a person s risk for contracting non-communicable diseases factors such as living conditions, hygiene practices, physical activity and eating practices are often determined or affected by culture 61

62 Environment Has a significant affect the risk of developing non-communicable diseases exposure to carcinogens such as smoke, asbestos, radiation and pollutants is a major risk factor 62

63 Non-Communicable Diseases Examples include: heart diseases cancers respiratory diseases diabetes asthma malnutrition mental disorders osteoporosis obesity epilepsy cystic fibrosis sickle cell anemia Alzheimer s autism 63

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65 Non-Communicable Diseases Can be avoided by practicing a variety of prevention methods, including: staying physically active maintaining a healthy diet abstaining from harmful habits avoiding carcinogens learning about hereditary risks in the family getting regular wellness exams 65

66 Staying Physically Active Is vital to avoiding non-communicable diseases research has shown doing at least 2.5 hours of moderateintensity aerobic activity each week can increase the chance of living longer Can help strengthen bones, muscles and some major organs Can improve mood and mental health 66

Maintaining a Healthy Diet Is a key to preventing non-communicable diseases Requires eating a variety of nutrient-rich foods including fruits, vegetables, grains,

67 Maintaining a Healthy Diet Is a key to preventing non-communicable diseases Requires eating a variety of nutrient-rich foods including fruits, vegetables, grains, proteins and dairies Requires eating fatty and sugary foods in moderation Requires limiting the consumption of empty calories, or calories with no nutritional value 67

68 Harmful Habits Should be abstained from in order to prevent non-communicable diseases Include: not getting enough sleep poor hygiene tobacco use alcohol abuse drug abuse 68

69 Carcinogens Are cancer-causing agents which should be avoided to prevent non-communicable diseases Are found in: some foods some household cleaners certain drugs tobacco and alcohol wood dust and soot asbestos leather dust formaldehyde radiation sun s UV rays visit cancer.org to find a complete list of known carcinogens 69

70 Hereditary Risks Should be known and included in a person s medical history to help prevent non-communicable diseases find out what diseases run in the family to better understand how to avoid these diseases 70

Hereditary Risks Should be known and included in a person s medical history to help prevent non-communicable diseases just because one member of a family has a

71 Hereditary Risks Should be known and included in a person s medical history to help prevent non-communicable diseases just because one member of a family has a non-communicable disease does not mean every member of the family will get it, but doctors say there is a genetic predisposition for the disease in the family 71

72 Wellness Exams Are medical examinations performed by a doctor or nurse aimed at preventing health problems includes checking vital body functions such as blood pressure, pulse, temperature, etc. 72

73 Wellness Exams Are also known as check-ups Can detect early signs of disease, allowing for early treatment early treatment reduces the risks associated with disease 73

Treatment For non-communicable diseases varies by disease most non-communicable diseases can be made less severe through treatment, but are not curable and require

74 Treatment For non-communicable diseases varies by disease most non-communicable diseases can be made less severe through treatment, but are not curable and require long-term or life-long monitoring treatment for most non-communicable diseases is designed to lessen symptoms and risk factors rather than rid a patient of the disease 74

Treatment For all non-communicable diseases includes use of prevention methods to help control and slow the progression of the disease staying

75 Treatment For all non-communicable diseases includes use of prevention methods to help control and slow the progression of the disease staying physically active maintaining a healthy diet abstaining from harmful habits avoiding carcinogens learning about hereditary risks getting regular wellness exams 75

Treatment For all non-communicable diseases includes careful monitoring of the disease doctors often recommend keeping a journal of signs and symptoms to more

76 Treatment For all non-communicable diseases includes careful monitoring of the disease doctors often recommend keeping a journal of signs and symptoms to more easily track the progression of the disease knowing what stage a disease is in can help a patient avoid certain risk factors and complications associated with the stage 76

77 Treatment For many non-communicable diseases includes medication prescription and/or over-the-counter medications may be recommended to help address signs, symptoms and/or causes of the disease 77

78 Treatment For some non-communicable diseases may include surgery if a disease progresses too far, surgery may be required to remove or alter diseased organs or tissues 78

Treatment Of non-communicable diseases should always be guided by medical professionals non-communicable diseases are serious business and should not be self-diagnosed

79 Treatment Of non-communicable diseases should always be guided by medical professionals non-communicable diseases are serious business and should not be self-diagnosed or self-treated even herbs, supplements and over-the-counter medicines used to treat non-communicable diseases should be recommended by a doctor, nurse or pharmacist 79

80 Resources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Teen Health from the Nemours Foundation U.S. Department of Health and Human Services WebMD World Health Organization 80

81 Acknowledgements Production Coordinator Amy Hogan Brand Manager Megan O Quinn Graphic Designer Melody Rowell Technical Writer Jessica Odom V.P. of Brand Management Clayton Franklin CEV Multimedia, Ltd. MMXIV Executive Producer Gordon W. Davis, Ph.D. 81

Chapter 13. Preventing Infectious Diseases. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13. Preventing Infectious Diseases. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Preventing Infectious Diseases Preventing Infectious Diseases Contents Section 1 What Are Infectious Diseases? Section 2 Protecting Yourself from Infectious Diseases Section 3 Common Infectious Diseases