Surveillance of Avian Influenza Virus in Japan
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1 Inception meeting of the OIE/JTF Project for Controlling Zoonoses in Asia under One Health Concept (Tokyo, Japan, 19-20, December 2013) Surveillance of Avian Influenza Virus in Japan Tottori University, Japan Toshihiro Ito, PhD., DVM
2 Surveillance on domestic birds in Japan (by local veterinary service center) 1. Fixed point monitoring - at least 3 farms are selected by each center among high risk farms - at least 10 samples for antigen and antibody tests from each farm every month 2. Intensive monitoring - target farms are selected randomly -at least 10 samples for antibody tests from each farm
3 Surveillance on domestic birds in Japan Month/Year Fixed Point Monitoring Intensive Monitoring Farms Poultry Result Farms Poultry Result 1/ ,247 Negative 249 2,453 Negative 2/ ,249 Negative 220 2,156 Negative 3/ ,246 Negative 138 1,344 Negative 4/ ,076 Negative 138 1,364 Negative 5/ ,945 Negative 197 1, / ,976 Negative 209 1,074 Negative 7/ ,968 Negative 224 1,202 Negative 8/ ,944 Negative Negative 9/ ,996 Negative Negative 10/ ,988 Negative 358 3,532 Negative df
4 Surveillance on wild birds in (by prefectural wildlife conservation authority) 1. Inhabitation research ~Information collecting, Routine 2. Dead bird inspections ~Rapid antigen detection test, Routine 3. Feces investigations ~Virus isolation, 4 times a year (Oct.-Apr.) 4. Environmental research ~Virus isolation, In case of HPAI outbreak
5 Surveillance on wild birds in Japan Year Dead bird inspections Feces investigations (Oct-May) (Oct-May) (Oct-May) (Oct-May) (Oct-May) Samples HPAIV LPAIV Samples HPAIV LPAIV , , , , , ,
6 Outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza in Japan in winter season Chickens (24 outbreaks) Wild birds (60 cases)
7 Cases of infection with H5N1 HPAI virus in Japan in Prefectures Species of birds (No. of reported birds) Hokkaido Duck (2), Whooper swan (6), Greater scaup (2), Pintail (1) Aomori Peregrine falcon (1) Fukushima Tufted duck (5), Tundra swan (1) Tochigi Peregrine falcon (1), Goshawk (1) Goshawk Aichi Peregrine falcon (1) Toyama Mute swan (1) Kyoto Peregrine falcon (1) Hyogo Common pochard (1), Little grebe (1), Mute swan (1), Great crested grebe (1) Tottori Tundra swan (1), Black-headed gull (1), Tufted duck (2), Common pochard (1), Ural owl Peregrine falcon (1) Shimane Tufted duck (2), Common pochard (1) Yamaguchi Tufted duck (1), Black swan (1) Tokushima Ural owl (1) Kochi Mandarin duck (1) Nagasaki Mandarin duck (3), Peregrine falcon (1) Oita Mandarin duck (4), Grey heron (1) Miyazaki Mandarin duck (3), Peregrine falcon (3), Little grebe (1) Kagoshima Hooded crane (7) Peregrine falcon Black-headed gull Whooper swan Tundra swan Grey heron Hooded crane Puntail Greater scaup Tufted duck Common porchard Little grebe Mandaein duck
8 Time line of outbreaks in Japan December January February March Chickens 11/29 Shimane 1/26 Aichi 1/25 2/2 KagoshimaOita 1/21,23,27,28,28,30,2/1 Miyazaki 2/4,5,5,6 Miyazaki 2/16 Mie, Wakayama 2/28 Nara 2/26 Mie 2/15 Miyazaki 2/14 Aichi 3/5 Miyazaki 3/16 Chiba 3/13 Chiba 10/14 Hokkaido Duck feces 12/4 Tottori Tundra swan Wild Birds 12/10 Toyama Mute swan 12/15 Kagoshima Hooded crane 1/4 1/12 Fukushima Hokkaido Tufted Whooper duck swan 1/12 Hyogo Common pochard 1/14 Shimane Tufted duck 1/23 1/31 FukushimaNagasaki Tufted Mandarin duck duck 1/25 2/1 Kochi Miyazaki Mandarin Mandarin duck duck 2/6 Yamaguchi Tufted duck 2/7 Oita Mandarin duck 2/8 Tokushima Owl 2/14 Tochigi Peregrine falcon 2/16 Kyoto Peregrine falcon 2/17 Aichi Peregrine falcon 3/10 Aomori Peregrine falcon 3/25 Tochigi Goshawk
9 Wild birds in Japan Poultry in Japan Wild birds in Korea Poultry in Korea)
10 Phylogenetic tree of H5N1 HPAI viruses in Japan Clade Pintal/Hokkaido/1/11 Greater scaup/hokkaido/2/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/3/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/13-27/11 Greater scaup/hokkaido/28/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/13-21/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/6/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/a13/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/4/11 Tufted duck/fukushima/7/11 Tufted duck/fukushima/16/11 Tundra swan/fukushima/207/11 Tufted duck/fukushima/5/11 Tufted duck/fukushima/4/11 Tufted duck/fukushima/2/11 Ural owl/tokushima/3602a023/11 Common pochard/shimane/5502b024/11 Peregrine falcon/kyoto/2602a009/11 Great crested grebe/hyogo/2802e082/11 Ck/Aichi/T1/11 Peregrine falcon/tochigi/15/11 Goshawk/Tochigi/64/11 Peregrine falcon/aichi/2302o017/11 Tundra swan/tottori/12-002/10 Duck/Hokkaido/WZ83/10 Ck/Miyazaki/M6/11 Mandarin duck/miyazaki/22m807-1/11 Mandarin duck/oita/4402b056/11 Tufted duck/yamaguchi/3502b007/11 Peregrine falcon/aomori/7/11 Hooded crane/kagoshima/4612j008/10 Mandarin duck/kochi/3901c005/11 Mandarin duck/nagasaki/4202a023/11 Ck/Mie/1/11 Whooper swan/mongolia/1/10 Great crested grebe/tyva/22/10 Whooper swan/mongolia/6/09 Great crested grebe/qinghai/1/09 Duck/Hunan/8/08 Ck/Vietnam/TMU009/08 Common magpie/hong Kong/5052/07 Ck/Vietnam/20395/09 Grey heron/hong Kong/779/09 Whooper swan/hokkaido/1/08
11 Phylogenetic tree of H5N1 HPAI viruses in Japan Clade Pintal/Hokkaido/1/11 Greater scaup/hokkaido/2/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/3/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/13-27/11 Greater scaup/hokkaido/28/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/13-21/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/6/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/a13/11 Whooper swan/hokkaido/4/11 Tufted duck/fukushima/7/11 Tufted duck/fukushima/16/11 Tundra swan/fukushima/207/11 Tufted duck/fukushima/5/11 Tufted duck/fukushima/4/11 Tufted duck/fukushima/2/11 Ural owl/tokushima/3602a023/11 Common pochard/shimane/5502b024/11 Peregrine falcon/kyoto/2602a009/11 Great crested grebe/hyogo/2802e082/11 Ck/Aichi/T1/11 Peregrine falcon/tochigi/15/11 Goshawk/Tochigi/64/11 Peregrine falcon/aichi/2302o017/11 Tundra swan/tottori/12-002/10 Duck/Hokkaido/WZ83/10 Ck/Miyazaki/M6/11 Mandarin duck/miyazaki/22m807-1/11 Mandarin duck/oita/4402b056/11 Tufted duck/yamaguchi/3502b007/11 Peregrine falcon/aomori/7/11 Hooded crane/kagoshima/4612j008/10 Mandarin duck/kochi/3901c005/11 Mandarin duck/nagasaki/4202a023/11 Ck/Mie/1/11 Whooper swan/mongolia/1/10 Great crested grebe/tyva/22/10 Whooper swan/mongolia/6/09 Great crested grebe/qinghai/1/09 Duck/Hunan/8/08 Ck/Vietnam/TMU009/08 Common magpie/hong Kong/5052/07 Ck/Vietnam/20395/09 Grey heron/hong Kong/779/09 Whooper swan/hokkaido/1/08 Group A Group B Group C
12 Outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza in Japan in winter season C C A A B C Chickens (24 outbreaks) Wild birds (60 cases)
13 Time line of outbreaks in Japan All others :C Shimane:B Aichi:B Chicken A B C Hokkaido:C Kagoshima:C Yonago:C Toyama:C Wild Bird
14 Phylogenetic trees of H5N1 HPAI viruses in Japan B A C Japanese strain (Group A) Japanese strain (Group B) Japanese strain (Group C) Korean strain (Group C)
15 Flying routes of migratory birds and virus spreading(hypothesis) Nesting area (Siberia) C A C A Infected farms 国内侵入ート C Infected farms B C A C
16 Flyway of Migratory Birds Winter Bird Summer Bird
17 Conclusion Huge numbers of wild birds migrate to Japan every year, and a large volume of poultry and poultry products are imported. Therefore, veterinary services must play close attention to surveillance of domestic poultry and wild birds nationwide to detect this disease early.
18 Conclusion (2) Furthermore, the wild birds migrate on a global scale. Similar problems could be always happened in any other countries. Comprehensive surveillance in wild birds with international cooperation is required for efficient global control of HPAI. It is important that all diagnosis institutes rapidly report information about outbreaks and causal viruses to the public in order to take preemptive measures against further HPAI occurrences.
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