PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF LSD CONTROL FILED EXPERIENCE & DILEMMAS. Dr Nadav Galon and Dr Eeva S.M. Tuppurainen

Transcription

1 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF LSD CONTROL FILED EXPERIENCE & DILEMMAS Dr Nadav Galon and Dr Eeva S.M. Tuppurainen

2 ALTITUDE RAINFALL TEMP ,000 m 20-1,000 mm 0 - >40 C 2

3 CATTLE POPULATION (2012) Type Herds Heads (~) Farm size Dairy Farms , ,100 Feedlots , ,000 Pasture , ,000 Total ~ 2, ,000 3

4 DAIRY - ZERO GRAZING BEEF -ZERO HOUSING Density maps- E. Klement

5 LSD IN ISRAEL OUTBREAK TIMELINE Estimated introduction 1 st Dx by VS- KVI Vaccination Pox-1 1 st dairy case Mandatory Vaccination Neethling Pox-10 Last case Vaccination Non-mandatory?/06/ /07/ /07/ /10/ / / /2016

6 PREVIOUS LSD OUTBREAKS IN ISRAEL total Stamping Out (SO) 2006/2007- Partial SO minimal SO 6

7 2012 LSD SPREAD PREDICTION 7

8 Lebanon Syria Israel

9 LEBANON 7 Initial picture SYRIA ~ 40 Beef herds 4,000 cows Mutual grazing Poor pasture Mountains, forests 19 Over crowding 10-60% morbidity

10 EARLY DETECTION In continent, in country, in region Preparedness; knowledge, awareness Remote border areas Few farmers, part time farmers, intensive/ extensive Few official inspectors, few clinicians, no mandatory visits Cattle gathering abilities; paddocks, cattle chutes, workers Sampling, shipment; incorrect false negative Israel; Window gap- infection to detection ~ 6-8 weeks (skin scars support estimation)

11 MONITORING & SURVEILLANCE Knowledge & training ( exotic/ tropical diseases - terms of the past!) The 3 R s: Routine, Records, Reports Same principles; adapted to specific task & conditions Multi-disease approach Resources; prevention cheaper than control Mandatory visits to each herd; useful yet leaves large time gaps Non official players other interests Advanced technology; IR, Pedometry, GPS? Dairy vs beef

12 DIAGNOSIS IN THE FIELD Awareness & knowledge difficult first ; new country, new region, not learnt easy- once you have seen it Mild moderate cases can be missed, ignored- intentionally/ non intentionally Twilight zone edge of outbreak region - vaccination of incubating cattle Lab submission Important in early, new herds/regions, unclear cases, monitoring outbreak boundaries Avoid lab swamping Important post outbreak; suspicions, passive/ active surveillance GSP - Good Sampling Practice especially filed personnel

13 VACCINE & VACCINATION The homologues vaccines (OBP) and JOVAC 10X Sheep Pox protect All available vaccines are non-gmp Purity- Contaminants Potency - alters Field safety trial no adverse reaction Neethling response < 1% Handling, application; many causes for failure Coverage; partial / insufficiency- outbreaks Incentive / cost-benefit to farmer/ private vet 50% of infected animals sub-clinical - multiuse needle excellent transmission Incubating herds/ less than 3 weeks prior to incursion Regional & Preemptive vaccination approach Cost-Benefit analysis

14 CUMULATIVE # OF INFECTED HERDS Neethling POX 10 POX 1 Spring- Vectors

15 STAMPING OUT- PRO S Total stamping-out can be effective and practical when; the first incursion to a country or a defined region is detected and notified early enough the infection to detection period is short the threat of repeated incursions is low Epi unit can be well defined and isolated When it works; quick & effective Regaining freedom of LSD back to normal business ISRAEL LSD CONTROL POLICY: total Stamping-Out 2006/2007- Partial SO limited SO

16 STAMPING OUT- CON S Different countries different scenarios Expensive ( 500-2,500 Euro / cow vs 2-3 Euro/cow - vaccination) Indirect losses Very expensive when ineffective when to give up? Demands much more personnel, time and resources than vaccination Destructive to farmers livelihood, economy and sustainability public perception and media / political interference No one solution fits all adapt policy to reality EFSA statement 2016 if vaccination coverage is high enough- S.O. has minor effect

17 CARCASS DISPOSAL Legislation & Environmental factors; water, land Amount of carcasses to dispose Availability on farm/ near farm, equipment, cost Is a carcass an important source of LSD spread? Cover, repellent spray Distance to incineration plant/ rendering plant (Israel -1) Vehicles route- entering non-infected farms Special vehicles/ special routes - extra costs Mobile incineration plant

18 FARM BIOSECURITY Most infections caused and spread by F.B.I= Flying Biting Insects Definition of farm boundaries; grazing, non-grazing Difficulties Herd size- Backyard herds; 1-10 heads Herd density Free roaming, nomadic Communal grazing General disinfection mostly ineffective PPE- reduce inter-herd transmission Post outbreak cleansing and disinfection? Cost-Benefit Analysis

19 SPREAD OF LSD NB Players in Israel Slow & sure (compared to BT, BEF, EHD) Efficient; all herds, all cattle Mostly by F.B.I Non specific FBI move with cattle Move without cattle 1-2 km Infected cattle move- meeting FBI on the way, at new site sales, abattoirs Milk tankers, carcass disposal, hides, meat?? no practical proof ~ negligible Halt farm commercial activities; Difficult to impossible ; sales, Vet, AI, suppliers No wildlife involvement Musca Stomoxys Haematobia

20 HERD TYPE BY MONTH OF INDEX CASE

21 VECTOR CONTROL Horn flies Various vectors; different breeding sites, season, housing Repellents vs insecticides Registration; on animals, environment, effect on other fauna May reduces intra-herd spread Hardly effects inter-herd and inter-region spread Short effect. Reduced by rain, summer cooling by water (3-6X day) Mild winter (Mediterranean) FBI active in winter Colder winter; over-wintering and burst in spring Research; valuable, limited contribution to control Cost- Benefit? Where there is cattle - there are FBI

22 CATTLE MOVEMENTS CONTROL legislation, regulation, green Police Permit prior to movement Inspection, enforcement limited recourses Remote areas, roads accessibility Holidays effect; Eid Al Adha, Ramadan (FMD as well) Longer period/ stricter measures - reduce compliance Private vet clinical freedom certificate - problematic In long and wide epidemic- long distance spread will occur

23 UNAUTHORIZED MOVEMENT Beef Dairy unauthorized movement 23

24 RISK PERCEPTION & ANIMAL WELFARE Farmers: commercial vs traditional Politicians & legislators response to farmers, media regulators why destroy healthy cattle / can recover/ recovered? Recovery price; economical, social, quitters Euthanasia Salvage, severe cases acceptable Techniques; legal, available means, sedation Tolerance; farmer, media, vets/ inspectors, animal activists

25 WHEN THE OUTBREAK ENDS LSD has a sweeping mode Exposed Population protected ; by infection / by vaccination (after 3 weeks) Repopulation; a.s.a.p (vaccinated herds- no empty farms) Replacement rate: Dairy 20-30% annually Beef dams % annually Feedlot- months Vaccinate for several (?) years Minimize trade disruptions increase restrictions - increase non-compliance Active surveillance- expensive and complex

26 SIGNIFICANCE TO OTHER TAD S Out of Africa / Asia Through the Middle East Other cross-mediterranean routes ASF route Vertical (BTV 8) Stop it at the earliest convenient point Reservoir behind the border Live bovine movements the facts of today are the fallacies of tomorrow EFSA Journal 2015; 13(1):3986

27 EPILOGUE Professionalism; Theory - knowledge, Practice- the small details Solidarity; communication- collaboration- sharing Transparency and risk communication with all relevant stake holders Flexible strategy and adjustments of tactics during the outbreak It s tough at the top applause to decision makers and executors at all levels & tasks

28 Every challenge is an opportunity and a resource Very few things are simple Black or White Thank You