Sound and its characteristics. The decibel scale. Structure and function of the ear. Békésy s theory. Molecular basis of hair cell function.
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1 Hearing Sound and its characteristics. The decibel scale. Structure and function of the ear. Békésy s theory. Molecular basis of hair cell function. 19/11/2014 Sound A type of longitudinal mass wave that originates as the vibration of a medium (such as a person's vocal cords or a guitar string) and travels through gases, liquids, and elastic solids as variations of pressure and density. 1
2 Waves A disturbance, oscillation, or vibration either of a medium or of some quantity with different values at different points in space, moving through space. Energy is transferred with waves. Classification based on the needs for a medium to propagate mass waves (propagate through a medium) electromagnetic waves (travels through vacuum) based on the direction of its vibration (oscillation) and the direction of propagation transverse (A wave that oscillates perpendicular to the axis along which the wave travels (e.g. electromagnetic waves) longitudinal (A wave that oscillates back and forth on an axis that is the same as the axis along which the wave propagates (e.g. sound waves). Wave equation = c: speed of the wave (m/s) ν: frequency of the wave (s -1 ) number of waves/seconds λ: wavelength (m) Longitudinal wave wavelength Compression Expansion (high density or high pressure) (low density or low pressure) Direction of travel 2
3 Sound intensity (loudness) =10 I 0 : threshold intensity (10-12 W/m 2 ) Bel (B): a unit for comparing two power levels (Alexander Graham Bell ( )). equal to the logarithm to the base ten of the ratio of the two powers 1 Bel = 10 db 1 db the just noticeable difference in sound intensity for the normal human ear Sound pressure =10 = 10 = 20 P 0 = 2*10-5 N/m 2 = 20 µpa (in air) The power (I) carried by a traveling wave is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the pressure wave (p). 3
4 Pitch The pitch of a sound depends on its frequency (hertz). audible sound: Hz bass: deep tone low frequency treble: high tone high frequency Timbre (tone) ~ the quality of the sound mainly determined by the harmonic content of a sound harmonics: a component of a sound, with a frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency. first harmonic: the fundamental frequency (f 0 ) second harmonic (first overtone) (twice the fundamental frequency (2* f 0 )) third harmonic (second overtone) (three times the fundamental frequency) (3* f 0 ) 4
5 REGIONS OF THE EAR AND KEY STRUCTURES FUNCTIONS EXTERNAL EAR Auricle Collects sound waves. External auditory canal Directs sound waves to the eardrum. Tympanic membrane (eardrum) Sound waves vibrate it and the vibration will be transferred to malleus. MIDDLE EAR Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) Auditory (Eustachian) tube Transmit and amplify vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window. Equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. INTERNAL(INNER) EAR Cochlea Contains the spiral organ (organ of Corti), the organ of hearing. Hair cells are produce receptor potential. Vestibular apparatus Responsible for balancing. Georg von Békésy The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1961: "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea Traveling wave theory 5
6 Traveling wave The wave is moving in one direction. Vibration transfered to the basilar membrane position of the protrusion frequency height of the amplitude intensity 6
7 The shift in the place of maximum vibration at different frequencies Vibration in the basilar membrane Based on the mechanical properties the basilar membrane respond at different positions to different frequencies. high frequency: big response near the base of the cochlea low frequency: big response at the apex of the cochlea The basilar membrane is able to decompose a complex sound into its component frequencies. 7
8 Hair cells convert a mechanical vibration (stimulus) into an electrical signal(receptor potential). Mechanical vibration moves hair cells against tectorial membrane bending of the hair cell stereocilia receptor potential nerve impulse The end! 8
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