Constructing a retinal map. blind spot. cone density
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1 Hearing Transduction in hair cells Lateral-line system Electroreception Vestibular and acoustic systems Characteristics of sound Inner, middle, and outer ears Sound for communication and navigation
2 Constructing a retinal map blind spot Q: How might differential sensitivity and acuity explain the distribution of rods and cones in the retina? Q: Why are cone and ganglion cell distributions similar? cone density
3 Ecophysiology of vision 1) Terrestrial vs aquatic Q: Why can t the cornea be used for accommodation in water? Accommodation by anterior / posterior movement of the lens Accommodation by dramatic changes in lens shape Accommodation by having both terrestrial and aquatic accommodation systems
4 Ecophysiology of vision 2. nocturnal vs diurnal Frequent nocturnal adaptations heavy eyelid large eye size small rods densely packed rods tapetum lucidem increased corneal size Hall and Ross 2006
5 Q: which distribution of rods and cones is adaptive for nocturnal, and which for diurnal, animals (monkeys)? cones rods rod distribution cone distribution
6 Oilbird, Steatornis caripensis Near sensing olfaction Hearing Far sensing vision No tapetum lucidum Small rods: 1,000,000/mm 2 Multiple tiers of rods. enhance sensitivity at the expense of resolution [acuity]. Martin et al. 2004
7
8 Transduction in hair cells 1) External structure deflected 2) Deformation opens cation channels 3) Change in cell membrane potential 4) Inhibition or promotion of APs in the integrative cells that synapse with the transducing cell.
9 Hair cell development and occurrence Placodes sink into the dermis (lateral line and ampullae of Lorenzini) or dermal bone (inner ear) during development. 1. Lateral line 2. Ampullae of Lorenzini 3. Vestibular and acoustic systems of the inner ear
10 1. Hair cells of the lateral line system : located superficially in frogs.. or in linear canals beneath scales (many fish). Blinded fish can still school if their lateral line system is intact.
11 2. Ampullae of Lorenzini passive electroreception Scyliorhinus (catshark) Kalmijn 1971
12 3. Acoustic (hearing) and Vestibular (balance) systems located in the INNER ear = a WATER-BASED system based on fluid movement and the deflection of hair cell cilia. bony fish bird mammal V V V A A
13 Vestibular system Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect angular movements of the head. X Y Hair cells in the maculae of the utricle and sacculus detect linear acceleration. otoliths
14 Acoustic System Mechanical disturbances of the environment, transferred to the endolymph of the cochlea, are detected by hair cells. Deflection of stereocilia during basilar membrane vibration
15 Central nervous system referrals of acoustic system action potentials are interpreted as sound. Nerve VIII Q: is ringing in your ears really sound?
16 Acoustic impedance is a measure of pressure generated by sound waves. It varies with frequency and acoustic medium. Impedance match Impedance mismatch Reflection At the air:water interface, less than 1% of the sound energy passes into the second medium Impedance mismatch Refraction
17 Ancestral (aquatic) ears: fish have inner ears sound oyster toadfish cusk eel hyomandibular =stapes Q: By what route(s) do you predict that sound reaches the fish inner ear?
18 Terrestrial ears: amphibians, reptiles and birds have inner and middle ears Q: Where is the impedance mismatch in a terrestrial ear? Inner ear middle ear environment sound The middle ear is an amplification device hyomandibular = stapes ear drum = tympanum = spiracle small cochlea
19 Terrestrial ears: mammals have inner, middle, and outer ears. The 3-ossicle mammalian ear converts tympanum displacements into smaller oval window displacements of higher force
20 Q: What problems arise when terrestrial mammals return to aquatic environments? Hearing in whales Nummela et al. 2004
21 Q: Comparative audiograms: at what pitch/decibel ranges do these animals hear? Build your own audiogram at Q: What frequencies of sound would be most useful for navigation? Long distance communication?
22 Sound for communication Q: why is infrasonic pitch so useful for long distance communication? Many vertebrates communicate using sound that has a frequency too low for humans to hear.
23 Elephants generate low-frequency sound both vocally and seismically closest farthest Q: How does the received sound of an elephant rumble vary with increasing distance?
24 Sound for navigation Q: What wavelengths of sound are optimal for navigation? Q: Why would echolocating bats have specializations of the larynx and nose, as well as the ears?
25 Whales use sound for both communication and navigation. Q: Which audiogram reflects use of sound in communication? In navigation? Houser et al Echolocating dolphins Bauman-Pickering Et Al
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