Physiology of Oral Tissues

Transcription

1 Physiology of Oral Tissues

2 Frοnt ers of Oral Physiology voι. 2 Editor YoJIRo KAwaMURA, Osaka S. Karger Basel München Paris London New York Sydney

3 Physiology of Oral Tissues Editor YOJIRO KAWAMURA, Osaka 92 figures, 27 tables, 1976 S. Karger Basel München Paris London New York Sydney

4 Frontiers of Oral Physiology Vol.1: Physiology of Mastication. Editor: Y. Kawamura (Osaka). XII p., 208 fig., 4 tab., 1974 ISBN Cataloging in Publication Physiology of oral tissues Editor, Yojiro Kawamura. Basel, New York, Karger, 1976 (Frontiers of oral physiology; v. 2) 1. Mouth - physiology 2. Mouth - innervation 3. Dental Occlusion 4. Dental Enamel 5. Dentin I. Kawamura, Yojiro, ed. II. Title III. Series WI FR946GP v.2/wu 102 P5783 ISBN All rights, including that of translation into other languages, reserved. Photomechanic reproduction (photocopy, microcopy) of this book or parts thereof without special permission of the publishers is prohibited. Copyright 1976 by S. Karger AG, Basel (Switzerland), Arnold-Böcklin-Strasse 25 Printed in Switzerland by Buchdruckerei Effingerhof AG, Brugg ISBN

5 Contents Foreword X Biophysics of the Tooth M. BRADEN, London 1 I. Mechanical Properties 2 Α. Elastic Constants of Enamel and Dentine 2 1. Introduction 2 2. Experimental Methods 3 a) Young's Modulus 3 b) Shear Modulus (G), Poisson's Ratio (v) and Bulk Modulus (K) 6 3. Discussion 9 a) Elastic Constants of Dentine 9 b) Elastic Constants of Enamel. 10 c) Enamel and Dentine as Composite Materials 10 B. Fracture and Failure Properties of Enamel and Dentine Intτoduction Experimental Methods 11 a) Stress Strain Plots in Tension or Compression 11 b) Cantilever Bending Test (Elastic Limit in Tension) 12 c) Torsion (Elastic Limit in Shear) 12 d) Indentation by Spherical Indenters (Yield Point in Compression) 12 e) Diametral Compression Test (Tensile Strength) 12 f) Punch Shear Test Discussion 15 a) Ultimate Properties of Dentine 15 b) Ultimate Properties of Enamel 15 C. Hardness of Enamel and Dentine Introduction Hardness Tests for Dental Hard Tissues 17

6 Contents VI 3. The Physics of Hardness Testing of Dentine Discussion 19 II. Thermal Properties 20 A. Transport Properties 20 B. Thermal Expansion Introduction Experimental Methods Results Discussion 22 III. Electrical Properties 23 A. Dielectric Properties of Enamel and Dentine 23 B. Piezo- and Pyro-electricity in Dental Hard Tissues 24 IV. The Permeability of Enamel and Dentine 26 A. The Permeability of Enamel Application of Classical Diffusion Theory to Enamel Permeation The Development of Membrane Potentials in Enamel 29 B. The Permeability of Dentine 32 References 32 Dentinal and Periodontal Sensory Mechanisms D. J. ANDERSON and B. MATrrgws, Bristol 38 Introduction 38 Dentinal Sensory Mechanisms 39 Fluid Flow Through Dentine 39 Neural Responses in Animals 42 Recent Human Experiments 45 Electron Microscopy 46 Periodontal Sensory Mechanisms 47 References 49 Stimulus-Evoked Pain in Teeth J. M. MuMFoan, Liverpool 51 Thermal Stimulation 52 Pressure Changes 56 Fluid Movement 56 Osmotic Activity 58 Leverage 59 Galvanic Stimulation 59 Electrical Stimulation 62 Zone of Excitation 63 Excitation of Nerves in the Periapical Tissues 65

7 Contents VII Relationship between Flow of Fluid and Electricity 66 Analogues of Human Teeth 66 Streaming Potential 67 Pain Perception Threshold 69 Influence of Age 70 Influence of Sex 71 Influence of Different Teeth 71 Influence of Lateral Dominance 71 Influence of Personality 72 Convergence in the Trigeminal System 72 Two-Point Discrimination 73 Referred Pain 73 Summation of Stimuli 74 Somatopic Representation of Pulps 74 Summary 74 Acknowledgements 74 References. 75 Sensorimotor Examination of the Mouth and Pharynx JA ies F. BosaiA, Bethesda, Md. 78 Disorders of the Motor Unit 80 Clinical History 81 Examinations 83 Motor Effector System 83 Facial Muscles 86 Mandible Suspensory Muscles 88 The Tongue 89 Pharyngeal Palate 92 The Pharynx 93 Submental Muscles 95 Craniocervical Posture 96 Disorders of Motor Coordination 97 Abnormalities of Sensation and Perception 99 Psychovariation 104 Indicat ons of Consultation 105 References 106 Biomechanics of Oral Mucosa Wττ,τ.τλµ L. Kvnn, COLIN H. Dnw and MARCUS Wë rz, Seattle, Wash. 108 Masticatory Mucosa 109 Epithelium 109 Lamina Propria 110

8 Contents VIII The Lining Mucosa 110 Epithelium 110 Lamina Propria 111 Histologic Changes of Masticatory Mucosa Due to Mechanical Stress 111 Histometric Analysis 117 Histologic Changes of Lining Mucosa Due to Mechanical Stress 117 Atraumatic Thickness Measurement of Mucoperiosteum 119 Mechanical Properties of Oral Mucosa 120 Compressive Properties 120 Effect of Varying the Load 123 Discussion 127 References 128 The Blood Circulation of the Tongue GÖRAN HELLEKANT, Uppsala 130 Gross Anatomy of the Vessels in the Tongue 131 Arteries 131 Veins 132 Anastomoses 132 Connections between the Right and Left Side 133 Blood Flow of the Tongue 133 Effect of Arterial Occlusion 134 Circulation of the Lingual Papillae 134 Topographical Orientation 134 Filiform Papillae 136 Circumvallate Papillae 137 Foliate Papillae 137 Fungiform Papillae 138 Circulation of the Taste Buds 138 Vascular Innervation of the Tongue 140 Vascoconstrictor Nerves to the Tongue 140 Vasodilator Nerves to the Tongue 141 Summary 142 References 143 The Functioning Dentition A. W. HADDAD, Boston, Mass 146 I. Introduction 146 II. Tooth Dynamics and Mandibular Function 149 III. Telemetric Monitoring of the Functioning Dentition 151 A. Instrumentation and Application 151 B. Tooth Contacts in Chewing and Swallowing 155

9 Contents IX C. Effects of Occlusal Adjustment on Tooth Contact 163 D. Telemetric Comparison of Centric and Habitual Occlusion Reconstruction 167 IV. Occlusal Forces in vitro and in vivo 170 A. Photoelastic Analyses of Stresses Created in the Periodontium 170 B. Intraoral Analysis of Occlusal Forces 174 V. Conclusions 178 References 180 Physiology of Salivary Secretion YusuKE IIii, Osaka 184 I. Introduction 184 II. Acinar Secretion 185 III. Transport of Water 186 A. Driving Force 186 B. Semipermeable Property 189 C. Hydraulic Conductivity 190 IV. Transport of Salt 192 A. Secretory Potential 192 B. Transport of K± 195 C. Transport of Na+ 197 V. A Model of Secretion and its Energetics 199 VI. Summary 201 Acknowledgement 202 References 203

10 Foreword In recent years, knowledge of physiology of the stomatognathic system has developed tremendously through the active worldwide research in the field of oral physiology. The systematical understanding of these oral physiological concepts of the mouth is essentially important for the development of the basic dental science and for the fulfillment of the modern dental medicine. These days, students in dentistry schools throughout the world all have to learn the physiology of the mouth in a greater or lesser degree of detail, and dental practitioners also have to consider these oral physiological concepts in their daily practice. However, most of the monographs dealing with functions of the mouth are apt to fail to explain an overall picture of the whole subject, although they have the advantage of being highly specialized. This series of Frontiers of Oral Physiology has been planned to cover up such fault. Volume 2 in this series deals specifically with the physiology of teeth and oral soft tissues, and the basic plan follows that of the previous volume on Physiology of Mastication. The subject matter has been selected from the undeservedly neglected topics in the field of oral physiology and functional coordinations of teeth and other oral structures have been well considered. The contributors to each chapter are world authorities on the topics, and the book is of interest to dentists, dental students, oral biologists and food scientists. June, 1976 YOJIRO KAWAMURA, MD, DMSc.