Psychological Disorders

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1 412 Chapter16 Psychological Dders 16 CHAPTER OVERVIEW Although there no clear-cut line between nmal abnmal behavi, we can characterize as abnmal those behavis that are deviant, dtressful, dysfunctional. Chapter 16 dcusses types of anxiety, mood dders, dsociative dders, schizophrenia, personality dders, as classified by the Diagnostic Stattical Manual of Mental Dders (DSM-N). Although th classification system follows a medical model, in which dders are viewed as illnesses/ the chapter dcusses psychological as well as physiological facts, as advocated by the current biopsychosocial approach. Thus, psychdanalytic they, learning they, social-cognitive they, other psychological perspectives are drawn on when relevant. The chapter concludes with a dcussion of the incidence of serious psychological dders in society today. Your maj task in th chapter to learn about psychological dders, their various subtypes charactertics, their possible causes. Since the material to be learned extensive, it may be helpful to rehearse it by mentally completing the Chapter Review several times. NOTE: Answer guidelines f all Chapter 16 questions begin on page 427. CHAPTER REVIEW First, skim each section, noting headings boldface items. After you have read the section, review each objective by answering the fill-in essay-type questions that follow it. As you proceed, evaluate your perfmance by consulting the answers beginning on page not continue with the next section until you Wlderst each answer. If you need to, review reread the section in the textbook befe continuing. Psychological Dders Perspectives on Psychological Dders (pp 640--M9) David Myers at times uses idioms that are ~ familiar to some readers. If you do not know ~ the meaning Df any of the following wds, phrases, expressions from the introduction " th section in the context in \'\'hich they I appear in the text, refer to pages f, an explan.ation: eerie sense ofself-recognltwi1; i draw the Ime; "The devil made him do it"; hy II shth; have faulted the manual;hmckley " Insane, Public Mad; self-fulfilling prophecies ~. Objective 1: Identify the criteria f judging whether behavi psychologically ddered. 1. Psychological dders are perstently harmful 2. Psychiatrts psychologts label behavi ddered when it., 3. Th definition emphasizes that stards of acceptability f behavi are (constant/variable) 4. (Thinking Critically) ADHD,, plagues children who dplay one me of three key symptoms: 5. (Thinking Critically) ADHO diagnosed me often in (boysl girls). In I the past two decades, the proption of American children being treated f th dder (increasedldecreased) dramatically. Experts (agree/do not agree) that ADHD a real neurobiological dder. 6. (Thinking Critically) ADHD (/ not) heritable, (/ not) caused by eating too much sugar po schools. ADHD often accompanied by a dder with behavi that temper-prone. Objective 2: Contrast the medical model of psychological dders with the biopsychosocial approach to ddered behavi. 7. The view that psychological dders are sicknesses the bas of the model. Accding to th view, psychological dders are viewed as mental bas of through, diagnosed on the cured 8. One of the first refmers to advocate th position call f providing me humane living conditions f the mentally ill was 9. Today's psychologts recognize that all behavi ares from the interaction. To presume that a person "mentally ill" attributes the condition solely to an problem. 10. Maj psychological dders such as as are universal; others, such, are culture-bound. These culture~bound dders may share an underlying I such as, yet differ in their 11. Most mental health wkers today take a approach, whereby they assume that dders are influenced by inner. circumstances. Objective 3: Describe the goals content of the DSM-N. 12. The most widely used system f classifying psychological dders the American Psychiatric Association manual, commonly known by its abbreviation,. Th manual defines a process (how many?) clinical syndromes. 13. Independent diagnoses made with the current manual generally (showi do not show) agreement. 14. One criticm of DSM-N that as the number of dder categies has (increasedl decreased), the number of adults who meet the criteria f at least one psychiatric ailment has (increased I decreased). (Close-Up) Briefly describe the "undsm." Objective 4: Dcuss the potential dangers benefits of using diagnostic labels. 15. Studies have shown that labeling has (littlei a significant) effect on our interpretation of individuals their behavi. Outline the pros cons of labeling psychological dders. 411

2 Anxiety Dders Chapter 16 Psychological Dders Anxiety Dders (pp ) following wds, phrases, expressions in the to page 434 f an explanation: heart palpitations... fidgeting; lighting up doesn't lighten up; flashbacks nightmares; Grooming gone wild; a ruse; go fhing f multiple personalities. Objective 5: Define anxiety dders, explain how these conditions differ from nmal feelings of stress, tension, uneasiness. 1. Anxiety dders are psychological dders characterized by ~~~ ~~. The key to differentiating anxiety dders from n~ mal anxiety in the of the anxiety. 2. Four anxiety dders dcussed in the textbook are ~~ ~ Objective 6: Contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety dder panic dder. 3. When a person continually tense, apprehen~ sive, physiologically aroused f no apparent reason, he she diagnosed as suffering from a dder. In Freud's term, the anxiety 4. In generalized anxiety dder, the body reacts physiologically with the arousal of the nervous system. In some instances, anxiety may i.ntensify dramatically unpredictably be accompanied by chest pain choking, f example; people with these symptoms are said to have. Th anxiety may escalate into a minutes-long epode of intense feat, a 5. People who fear situations in which escape help might not be possible when panic strikes suffer from ~ Objective 7: Explain how a phobia differs from the fears we all experience. 6. When a person has an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, situation, the diagnos a ~. Although in many situations, the person can live with the problem, some such as a fear of thunderstms, are incapacitating. 7. When a person has an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, the diagnos a Objective 8: Describe the symptoms of obsessivecompu]s.1ve dder. 6. "When a person cannot control repetitive thoughts actions, an dder diagnosed. 9. Older people (me/less) likely than teens young adults to suffer from th dder. Objective 9: Descnbe the symptoms of post-traumatic stress dder, di~cuss surviv resiliency. 10. Trawnatic stress, such as that associated with witnessing atrocities combat, can produce dder. The symptoms of th dder include ~. ~-----, Despite such symptoms, some psychologts believe th dder II. Researchers who believe th dder may be overdiagnosed point to the ~ ~ ~ of most people who suffer trauma. Also, suffering can lead to, iii which people experience an increased appr~ciation f life. Objective 10: Dcuss the contributions of the learning biological perspectives to our understing of the development of anxiety dders. 12. Freud assumed that anxiety dders are symptoms of submerged mental energy that derives from intolerable impulses that were during childhood. 13. Learning thets, drawing on research in which rats are given unpredictable shocks l link general anxiety with of conditioning 14, Some fears are from ~ such as when a person who fears heights after a fall also comes to fear airplanes 15. Phobias compulsive behavis reduce anxiety thereby are Through leanu.ng, someone might also learn fear by seeing others dplay their own fears. 16. Humans probably. (are/are not) biologically prepared to develop certain fears. Compulsive acts typically are exaggerations of behavis that contributed to our species' 17. The anxiety response probably ~ (/ not) genetically influenced. 18. PET scans of persons with obsessive-compulsive dder reveal excessive activity in a brain region called the ctex. Some antidepressant drugs dampen fear~circuitacti...rity in the behavi., thus reducing th Objective 11: Describe the symptoms of dsociative dders, explain why some critics are skeptical about dsociative identity dder. 19. In dders, a person experiences a sudden loss of change in 20. A person who develops MO Or me dtinct personalities suffering from dder 21. Nicholas Spanos has argued that such people may merely be playing different 22. Those who accept th as a genuine dder point to evidence that differing personalities may be associated with dtinct end states, Identify two pieces of evidence brought fth by those who do not accept dsociative identity dder as a genuine dder. 23, The psychoanalytic learning perspectives "view dsociative dders as ways of dealing with ~... Others view them as a protective response to hties of Skeptics claim these dders are sometimes contrived by ~~ people sometimes constructed out of the interaction.

3 Mood Dders Chapter 16 Psychological Dders Mood Dders (pp ) following wds, phrases, expressions in the to page 435 f an explanation: To grind tempararily to ahalt; blue mood; slow motion... fast fward; view life through dark glasses; SOllr Ollr thinking; company does not love another's mery. Objective 12: Define mood dders, contrast maj depressive dder bipolar dder. 1. Mood dders are psychological dders characterized by. They come in two fms: The experience of prolonged depression with no dcernible cause called dder. VV'hen a person's mood alternates between depression the hyperactive state of, a dder diagnosed. 2. Although are me common, the number one reason that people seek mental health services. It also the leading cause of dability wldwide. 3, In between the tempary blue moods everyone experiences maj depression a condition called, in which a person feels down-in-the-dumps nearly every day f two years me. 4. The possible signs of depression include Objective 13: Dcuss the facts that an acceptable they of depression must explain. 9. The commonality of depression suggests that its must also be common. 10. Compared with men, women are (me/less) vulnerable to maj depression. In general, Women are most vulnerable to dders involving 11. Men's dders tend to be me include. states, such as 12. It usually (/ not) the case that a depressive epode has been triggered by a stressful event. An individual's vulnerability to depression also increases following, f example, 13. With each new generation, the rate of depression the dder striking (increasing/decreasing) (earlier/later). In Nth America today, young adults are times (how many?) as likely as their grparents to suffer depression. State the psychoanalytic explanation of depression.,in which they examine the of both affected unaffected family members. Using studies, they also search f crelations between DNA variation population traits. (Close-Up) Identify several group differences in suicide rates. 16. Depression may also be caused by (high/low) levels of two neurotransmitters, 17. Drugs that alleviate mania reduce ; drugs that relieve depression increase supplies by blocking either their chemical their 18. People with depression also have lower levels in their diet of the COlmtries such as people consume me are rich in th fatty acid, tend to have ~ (high/low) rates of depression. fatty acid., where that Objective 15: Summarize the contributions of the social-cognitive perspective to the study of depression, describ~ the events in the cycle of depression. 20. Accding to the social-cognitive perspective, depression may be linked with beliefs a style. 21. Such beliefs may are from, the feeling that can are when the individual repeatedly experiences uncontrollable, painful events. 22. Gender differences in help explain why women have been twice as vulnerable to depression. Describe how depressed people differ from others in their explanations of failure how such explanations tend to feed depression. 23. Research studies suggest that :-J.epressmg thoughts usually (precedel follow I coincide with) a depressed mood. 5. Maj depression occurs when its signs last me with no apparent cause. 6. Depressed persons usually (canl cannot) recover without therapy. 7. Symptoms of mania include 8. Bipolar dder less common among creative professionals who rely on who rely on vivid than among those expression Objective 14: Summarize the contributions of the biological perspective to the study of depression, dcuss the link between suicide depression. 14. Mood dders (tendl do not tend) to run in families. Studies of also reveal that genetic influences on mood dders are (weak/strong). 15. To determine which genes are involved in depression, researchers use 19. The brains of depressed people tend to be (me/less) active, especially in an area of the lobe. In severely depressed patients, th brain area may also be (smalleri larger) in size. The brain's imptant in processing, which vulnerable to stress-related damage. Anhdepressant drugs that boost, may promote recovery by stimulating neurons in th area of the brain. 24. Depression-prone people respond to bad events in an especially way. 25. Accding to Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, when trouble strikes, men tend to women tend to 26. Being withdrawn, self-focused, complaining tends to elicit social (empathyirejeetion).

4 Schizophrenia Chapter 16 Psychological Dders Outline the vicious cycle of depression, Objective 17: DIstinguh the five subtypes of schizophrenia, contrast chronic acute schizophrenia. 7. The term schizophrenia describes a (single dder/cluster of dders). 8. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include Negative symptoms include 13. Some scientts contend that the brain abnmalities of schizophrenia may be caused by a prenatal problem, such as birth complications such as, a contracted by the mother. Lt several pieces of evidence f th they. II 'I'. Personality Dders (pp. 677-<'79) II you do not know the meaning of any of the following wds, phrases, expressions in the to page 435 f an explanation: con artt; woven of biological as well as psychological strs. Objective 21: Contrast the three clusters of personality dders, describe the behavis brain activity associated with the antocial personality dder. Schizophrenia (pp ) following wds, phrases, expressions in the to page 435 f an explanation: hodge-podge; flat affect. Objective 16: Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia, differentiate delusions hallucinations. 1. Schizophrenia, "split mind,." refers not to a split personality but rather to a split from 2. Three manifestations of schizophrenia are dganized, dturbed, inappropriate 3. The dtted, false beliefs of schizophrenia patients are called 4. Many psychologts attribute the dganized thinking of schizophrenia to a breakdown in the capacity f 5. The dturbed perceptions of people suffering from schizophrenia may take the fm of, which usually are (vual/audity). 6. Some victims of schizophrenia lapse into a zombielike state of apparent apathy. 9. When schizophrenia develops slowly (called schizophrenia), recovery (me/less) likely than when it develops rapidly in reaction to particular life stresses (called schizophrenia). Objective 18: Outline some abnmal brain chemtry, functions, structures associated with schizophrenia, dcuss the possible link between prenataj viral infections schizophrenia. 10. The brain tsue of schizophrenia patients has been found to have an excess of recepts f the neurotransmitter. Drugs that block these recepts have been founcl to (increase/ decrease) schiz~ ophrenia symptoms. Drugs that interfere with recepts f the neurotransmitter.. can produce negative symptoms of schizophrenia. 11. Brain scans have shown that many people suffering from schizophrenia have abnmally (high/low) brain activity in the lobes. 12. Enlarged, -filled areas a cresponding. of cere bral tsue also charactertic of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia patients also have a smaller-thannonnal, which may account f their difficulty in filtering Objective 19: Dcuss the evidence f a genetic contribution to the development of schizophrenia. 14. Twin adoptive studies (suppt/do not suppt) the contention that heredity plays a role in schizophrenia. 15. The role of the prenatal environment in schizophrenia demonstrated by the fact that identical twins who share the same are therefe me likely to experience the same prenatal likely to share the dder. 16. Adoption studies, are me (confirm/ do not confirm) a genetic link in the development of schizophrenia. Objective 20: Describe some psychological facts that may be early warning signs of schizophrenia in children. 17. It appears that f schizophrenia to develop there must be both a predposition some trigger. Lt several of the walning signs of schizophrenia in high-rk children. 1. Personality dders ext when an individual has character traits that are enduring impair 2. A fearful sensitivity to rejection may predpose the personality dder. Eccentric behavis, such as emotionless dengagement, are charactertic of the personality dder. A person with personality dder dplays shallow, attention-getting emotions. A person who exaggerates h her own imptance exhibits a personality dder, a person who has an unstable identity unstable relationships considered 3. An individual who seems to have no conscience, lies, steals, generally irresponsible, may be criminal said to have an personality. Previously, th person was labeled a 4. Studies of biological relatives of those with antocial unemotional tendencies suggest that there (/ not) a biological predposition to such traits. 5. Some studies have detected early signs of antocial behavi in children as young as. Antocial adolescents tended to have been, unconcerned with others, who exhibit, may remain motionless f hours then become agitated. focusing low in

5 6. PET scans of murderers' brains reveal reduced activity in the 7. As in other dders, in antocial personality, genetics whole sty. Rates of Psychological Dders (pp ) (/ not) the Objective 22: Dcuss the prevalence of psychological dders, summarize the findings on the link between poverty serious psychological dders. 1. Research reveals that approximately 1 in every (how many?) Americans suffered a clinically Significant mental dder dur'j],g the pri year. 2. The incidenc.e of seriolls psychological dders (higherflower) among those below the poverty line. 3. In terms of age of onset, most psychological dders appear by (early/middle/late) adulthood. Some, such as the, appear during childhood.

UNIT 12: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

UNIT 12: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OBJECTIVE 1: Identify the criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered. 1. Psychological disorders are persistently