Exam 4 Review. Fall 2018

Transcription

1 Exam 4 Review Fall 2018

2 Question 1: Filtration and 3 layers of glomerulus; GFR Filtration membrane: -Fenestrae of Glomerulus Capillary -Basement membrane -Visceral Layer of Bowman's Capsule (contain podocytes with spaces called filtration slits) Filtration: Movement of substances from glomerulus to glomerular capsule -180L filtrate/day produced -125 ml/min GFR -20% of plasma moves to capsule -H2O, salts, glucose, small peptides are filtered; cells and proteins are not. Regulation of GFR: Extrinsic/Intrinsic control. Extrinsic: SNS constricts afferent arteriole= Decreased GFR. Intrinsic If BP drops, afferents vasodilate to keep glomerular BP normal; if high afferents vasoconstrict. Increased GFR = Increased urination.

3 Question 2: Reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ -occurs: K+ reabsorbed in PCT & secreted in DCT and collecting duct; Na+ reabsorbed in PCT (65%), loop (25%) and DCT (10%); Na+/K+ ATPase in basolateral membrane reabsorbed Na+ and secretes K+ -regulated by: aldosterone; atrial natriuretic peptide -when Na+ reabsorbed/ K+ secreted it affects: -urine volume: decreases -blood volume: increases -blood pressure: decreases

4 3. Reabsorption in the loop of Henle- what is permeable.impermeable at each limb; Renal plasma clearance vs GFR- include specific examples limb impermeable permeable how? descending Na + /Cl - /K + H 2 O osmosis ascending H 2 O Na + /Cl - /K + Active Na + /K + pump GFR=125 ml/min -If plasma clearance=gfr, substance is not reabsorbed or secreted; ex: inulin and creatinine -If plasma clearance<gfr, substance is reabsorbed, not secreted; ex: urea clearance=75 ml/min; glucose clearance=0 ml/min -If plasma clearance>gfr, substance is secreted, not reabsorbed; ex: H+ clearance=150 ml/min

5 4. Aldosterone, Renin, ANP effects on urine volume Hormone Produced Sites of action Urine volume changes Aldosterone Adrenal gland Distal convoluted tubule Decreased urine volume Renin Granular cells Blood Decreased urine volume ADH Hypothalamus Collecting duct Decreased urine volume Atrial natriuretic peptide Atrium of heart Distal convoluted tubule Increased urine volume ACE Lungs Lungs Decreased urine volume

6 Muscles relax due to passive action and the diaphragm becomes dome shaped. Thoracic volume decreases as lung volume decreases and intrapulmonary pressure increases to 763 mmhg due to Boyle s law. Air flows from high to low. 5: Mechanics of inhalation/exhalation Inspiration Diaphragm and external intercostals contract, thoracic volume increase and lungs expand and intrapulmonary pressure to decrease to 757 mmhg. This is due to Boyles s Law. Air flows from high to low. Expiration

7 6. O 2 & CO 2 in lungs vs tissues In the Lungs CO2 diffuses from the capillary [PCO2: 46 mmhg] to the alveolus [PCO2: 40 mmhg] O2 diffuses from alveoli [PO2: 105 mmhg] to capillary [PO2: 40mmHg] In the Tissues CO2 diffuses from the tissue [PCO2: 46 mmhg] to the capillary [PCO2: 40 mmhg] O2 diffuses from capillary [PO2: 100 mmhg] to tissue [PO2: 40 mmhg]

8 Lung Volumes -Tidal volume: amount of air inspired and expired with each breath under resting conditions; 500 ml -inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): amount of air that can be forcefully inspired after a normal TV inspiration -expiratory reserve volume (ERV): amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal TV expiration -vital capacity (VC): max amount of air that can be inspired and expired with max effort; VC=IRV+TV+ERV -total lung capacity (TLC): max amount of air contained in the lungs after a max inspiratory effort (TLC=VC+RV)

9 7. Which factors shift the Hb-O 2 binding curve to the left/right? -If increased P CO2 and temp and decreased ph, shift oxyhemoglobin curve right -shift right to increase O 2 unloading and decrease Hgb saturation -If decreased P CO2 and temp and increased ph, shift oxyhemoglobin curve left -shift left to decrease O 2 unloading and increase Hgb saturation About oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve: -Hgb is almost completely saturated at 60 mmhg -Unloading of O 2 occurs at steep portion of curve -Hgb is still 75% saturated at normal tissues

10 Question 8: Acid- Base Imbalance Problems 1. ph= 7.34, Pco2= 55, HCO3= ph= 7.50, Pco2=55, HCO3= 30 Imbalance? Compensation yes or no. If so what? Organ? How they fix it?

11 Question 8 - answer 1. ph= 7.34, Pco2= 55, HCO3= 25 Imbalance: Respiratory acidosis with no compensation. If compensation, then fixed with metabolic alkalosis Organ: Kidneys Action: Hydrogen secretion increased and bicarbonate reabsorption increased 2. ph= 7.50, Pco2=55, HCO3= 30 Imbalance: Metabolic alkalosis. Compensated with respiratory acidosis Organ: Lungs Action: Hypoventilate to decrease amount of air

12 #9 Spermatogenesis and # of Chromosomes Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II Maturation Spermatogenesis Makes 2 equal cells (46), one leaves to become a primary spermatocyte (46 + copy) Becomes a secondary spermatocyte (23 + copy) Becomes an early spermatid (23 x 4 spermatids) Spermiogenesis spermatozoa Oogenesis Does not occur (oogonium starts at 46), it leaves Primary oocyte goes through meiosis I (23 + copy) Both cells start meiosis II (23 + copy), secondary oocyte pauses at metaphase Finishes meiosis with fertilization by spermatozoa; if not, disintegrates into corpus luteum

13 Question 10 - Prod. & Function of GnRH, LH, FSH and sex steroids in male Production: 1. GnRH (Hypothalamus) 2. FSH (Anterior Pituitary) 3. LH (Anterior Pituitary) 4. Sex Steroid: a. Testosterone Function: 1. stimulates FSH & LH 2. Targets the Seminiferous Tubules to release Inhibin Hormone 3. Targets the Interstitial Cells to release testosterone. 4. Stimulates growth & develop secondary sex characteristics.

14 Question 10 - Prod. & Function of GnRH, LH, FSH and sex steroids of female Production: 1. GnRH (hypothalamus) 2. FSH & LH (Anterior Pituitary) 3. Progesterone (Corpus luteum) 4. Estrogen Function: 1. Stimulates FSH & LH release 2. Targets the Ovaries to release Estradiol a. LH stimulates Ovaries to ovulation 3. Signals growth of endometrium 4. Low lvls prevent release of FSH & LH a. High lvls stimulate their release

15 Question 11- Top 3 things to know about Physioex 9, Renal Physiology 1. Afferent Arteriole diameter: if radius increase, pressure and filtration rate increase. Vice versa. BP: high BP= High GFR 2. Increase of salt reabsorption = decrease of urine volume, but increase in urine concentration. 3. Aldosterone and ADH = sodium and water reabsorption= decrease in urine volume, increase in urine concentration.

16 12. Top 3 things to know about Exercise 9.1 and 9.3, urinalysis -what should not be in urine: glucose, ketones, hemoglobin (unless menstruating), bilirubin, and large amounts of protein Urine in water drinker -increased urine volume -decreased urine conc. -lower specific gravity -lower Cl - conc. Urine in salt/water drinker -decreased urine volume -increased urine conc. -higher specific gravity -higher Cl - conc. Desert prospector -less Na + /Cl - in urine -aldosterone stimulates reabsorption of NaCl, so less is excreted in urine partygoer -less aldosterone secreted, so less reabsorption of NaCl; therefore more NaCl is excreted in urine Know how to do calculations for chloride

17 13. Top 3 things to know about BioPac Pulmonary function Pulmonary ventilation: process of continually,cyclically moving air into, back out of the respiratory tree. Boyle s law: P=1/V, Volume varies inversely with P. Spirogram: The record of volume change vs time. 4 non-overlapping values: TV, IRV, ERV, RV. 5 pulmonary capacity: IC(TV+IRV), EC(TV+ERV), FRC(ERV+RV), VC(TV+ERV+IRV), TLC(IRV+ERV+TV+RV) After exercise: TV, IRV, ERV, VC not change.

18 14. Top 3 things to know about PhysioEx 7: Respiratory Function 3 Pressures 1. Intrapulmonary Pressure: changes with inhale exhale. 2. ATM : 760 mmhg. 3. Intrapleural Pressure. Pneumothorax: is a hole in the chest resulting in air entering the pleural cavity. This causes the intrapleural pressure to equalize with atm pressure. -leads to atelectasis or lung collapse. When air tube radius is decreased this causes the lung volume to decrease. -Examples of this would be asthma and bronchitis. -RR would increase to compensate for the decrease in radius. Surfactant: decreases the surface tension of the alveolar walls and prevents collapsing of alveoli, allowing them to fully expand. Made by TYPE II alveolar cells. Emphysema cannot recoil TV: 500 ml IRV: 3100ml male ERV: 1200ml male RV: 1200ml male VC: 4800ml male TLC: 6000ml male

19 15. Top 3 things to know about PhysioEx10: Acid-Base Balance CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 2 H + + HCO 3 - Hyper/hypo-ventilation/rebreathing Hyperventilation - RR, CO2 excreted, ph Hypoventilation - RR, CO2 excreted, ph Rebreathing (breathing from bag) - PCO2, ph, tidal volume Increased/decreased metabolism metabolism - PCO2, ph Mechanisms of compensation metabolism - PCO2, ph Lungs RR to compensate for metabolic alkalosis & RR to compensate for acidosis Acidic Basic ph PCO2 (mmhg) HCO3- (meq/l) Respiratory Metabolic Alkalosis Acidosis Kidneys H+ secretion and HCO3 absorption to compensate for respiratory alkalosis (vice versa)

20 16. Top 3 things to know about Exercise Buffers- have the ability to maintain solution at a certain ph despite acid/base being added; e.x. In body bicarbonate: maintain blood ph; if acidic, (have weak base= bicarbonate) buffer forms CO 2(g) and lungs expel it. If alkaline, buffer neutralizes ph with weak acid, carbonic acid 2. Formula to calculate ph = - log [H + ] 3. After exercise, rate of CO 2 production and therefore it took half the time to neutralize basic pink solution than at rest. 4. Prior to hyperventilation, respiratory rate (RR) should be normal (12-18 breaths/min). After hyperventilation, RR b/c body has extra O and needs to get rid of it.