Table of Contents 1 Orbit 3 2 Eyelids 7

Transcription

1 Table of Contents Preface, x List of abbreviations xi Glossary xii Section I Atlas 1 1 Orbit 3 Clinical signs associated with orbital neoplasia 3 Clinical signs associated with orbital cellulitis 3 Enophthalmos 4 Brachycephalic ocular syndrome 4 Ventromedial entropion associated with brachycephalic ocular syndrome 4 Clinical signs associated with Horner s syndrome 5 Clinical signs associated with Horner s syndrome 5 Appearance of Horner s syndrome following application of sympathomimetic drugs 5 Clinical signs associated with orbital neoplasia 6 Clinical signs associated with proptosis 6 2 Eyelids 7 Normal appearance of punctum 7 Ectopic cilia 7 Distichiae 8 Distichiae 8 Ectopic cilia and chalazion 8

2 Lower eyelid entropion due to conformation 9 Facial trichiasis 9 Eyelid agenesis 9 Appearance of entropion after temporary correction using tacking sutures 10 Lower eyelid ectropion 10 Meibomian adenoma 10 Meibomian adenoma 11 Eyelid melanocytoma 11 Chalazion 11 Blepharitis 12 Blepharitis 12 Blepharitis 12 3 Third eyelid, nasolacrimal system, and precorneal tear film 13 Pathologic changes to the third eyelid associated with pannus 13 Scrolled third eyelid cartilage 13 Prolapsed third eyelid gland ( cherry eye ) 14 Prolapsed third eyelid gland ( cherry eye ) 14 Superficial neoplasia of the third eyelid 14 Neoplasia of the third eyelid gland 15 Positive Jones test appearance of fluorescein in mouth 15 Positive Jones test appearance of fluorescein at nostril 15 4 Conjunctiva 16

3 Normal appearance of the conjunctiva 16 Conjunctival hyperemia 16 Chemosis and conjunctival hyperemia 17 Chemosis 17 Conjunctival follicles 17 Conjunctival thickening associated with infiltrative neoplasia 18 Superficial conjunctival neoplasia 18 Subconjunctival hemorrhage 18 Conjunctival follicles 19 Superficial conjunctival neoplasia 19 Conjunctival neoplasia 19 5 Cornea, 20 Superficial corneal vascularization associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 20 Appearance of a dry cornea with concurrent anterior uveitis, 20 Typical appearance of superficial corneal vessels, 21 Typical appearance of deep corneal vessels, 21 Typical appearance of corneal edema, 21 Corneal melanosis, 22 Typical melanin distribution associated with pigmentary keratitis, 22 Typical appearance of corneal fibrosis with concurrent corneal vascularization, 22 Corneal white cell infiltrate with concurrent corneal vascularization and edema, 23 Corneal deposits associated with corneal dystrophy, 23

4 Corneal deposits associated with corneal dystrophy, 23 Corneal mineral deposits, 24 Typical changes associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 24 Predominantly melanotic corneal changes associated with pannus, 24 Predominantly fibrovascular corneal changes associated with pannus, 25 Corneal changes associated with pannus, mixture of melanosis and fibrovascular changes, 25 Superficial corneal ulcer, 25 Indolent corneal ulcer with fluorescein stain applied, 26 Indolent corneal ulcer prior to fluorescein stain, 26 Indolent corneal ulcer after fluorescein stain, 26 Deep corneal ulcer, 27 Descemetocele after application of fluorescein stain, 27 Descemetocele after application of fluorescein stain, viewed with cobalt blue light, 27 Corneal perforation with iris prolapse, 28 Corneal perforation with iris prolapse and hyphema, 28 Corneal perforation with large iris prolapse, 28 Melting corneal ulcer, 29 Perforated melting corneal ulcer, 29 Dendritic corneal ulcers, 29 Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis 30 Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis 30 Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis 30

5 Corneal sequestrum; light brown, with minimal keratitis 31 Corneal sequestrum; dark brown, with moderate keratoconjunctivitis 31 Corneal sequestrum; dark brown, with significant keratoconjunctivitis 31 6 Anterior uvea 32 Iris-to-cornea persistent pupillary membranes 32 Iris-to-iris persistent pupillary membranes 32 Posterior synechiae 33 Anterior chamber uveal cysts 33 Anterior chamber uveal cysts 33 Transillumination of posterior chamber uveal cysts 34 Iris atrophy 34 Iris atrophy 34 Severe iris atrophy 35 Focal iris hyperpigmentation 35 Feline diffuse iris melanoma 35 Feline diffuse iris melanoma 36 Canine melanocytoma 36 Canine melanocytoma 36 Canine ciliary body adenoma 37 Clinical signs of uveitis: chemosis, episcleral congestion, deep corneal vascularization, and diffuse corneal edema 37 Aqueous flare 37 Keratic precipitates 38

6 Hypopyon with concurrent corneal ulceration 38 Hyphema 38 Rubeosis iridis 39 Iris thickening 39 Posterior synechia 39 Iris bombé 40 7 Lens 41 Nuclear sclerosis 41 Nuclear sclerosis 41 Incipient cataract 42 Incipient cataract 42 Incomplete cataract 42 Incomplete cataract 43 Incomplete cataract 43 Complete cataract 43 Complete, resorbing cataract 44 Incomplete resorbing cataract 44 Lens subluxation 44 Lens subluxation 45 Anterior lens luxation 45 Posterior lens luxation 45 8 Posterior segment 46

7 Normal canine fundus 46 Normal canine fundus 46 Normal feline fundus 47 Subalbinotic, atapetal canine fundus 47 Subalbinotic feline fundus 47 Tapetal hyperreflectivity and retinal vascular attenuation in a cat 48 Tapetal hyperreflectivity and retinal vascular attenuation in a dog 48 Focal retinal degeneration/chorioretinal scar 48 Focal retinal degeneration/chorioretinal scar 49 Tapetal hyporeflectivity due to hypertensive retinopathy 49 Tapetal hyporeflectivity 49 Tapetal hyporeflectivity 50 Fluid and white cell infiltrate in the nontapetal fundus (chorioretinitis) 50 Focal white cell infiltrate (chorioretinitis) and retinal degeneration in the nontapetal fundus 50 Multifocal retinal degeneration in the nontapetal fundus 51 Hemorrhage in the nontapetal fundus 51 Hemorrhage in the tapetal fundus 51 Serous retinal detachment and retinal hemorrhage due to hypertensive retinopathy 52 External view of serous retinal detachment 52 Serous retinal detachment 52 Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment 53 Optic nerve atrophy/degeneration - mild 53

8 Optic nerve atrophy/degeneration - severe 53 Optic disc cupping in an atapetal fundus 54 Optic disc cupping 54 Optic neuritis 54 Optic neuritis 55 Asteroid hyalosis 55 Choroidal hypoplasia (collie eye anomaly) 55 Posterior polar coloboma and choroidal hypoplasia (collie eye anomaly) in a subalbinotic fundus 56 9 Glaucoma 57 Typical appearance of acute glaucoma 57 Haab s striae 57 Section II Guide Orbit 61 Diseases of the orbit 62 Brachycephalic ocular syndrome 62 Horner s syndrome 63 Orbital cellulitis and abscess 65 Orbital neoplasia 67 Proptosis 68 Further reading 70 References Eyelids 71

9 Diseases of the eyelid 72 Distichiasis 72 Ectopic cilia 73 Trichiasis 73 Eyelid agenesis 75 Entropion 75 Ectropion 77 Eyelid neoplasia 78 Chalazion 79 Blepharitis 80 Eyelid laceration 81 Further reading 82 References The third eyelid, nasolacrimal system, and precorneal tear film 83 Diseases of the third eyelid and lacrimal system 84 Third eyelid gland prolapse ( cherry eye ) 84 Third eyelid neoplasia 85 Nasolacrimal duct obstruction 87 Tear film disorders KCS 88 Qualitative tear film abnormality 88 References Conjunctiva 91

10 Diseases of conjunctiva 91 Canine conjunctivitis 91 Feline conjunctivitis 93 Conjunctival neoplasia 95 Further reading 96 References Cornea 98 Corneal diseases 99 Corneal dystrophy 99 Canine keratitis 100 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) 101 Pigmentary keratitis 103 Pannus/chronic superficial keratitis 104 Corneal ulceration 105 Simple corneal ulceration 105 Indolent corneal ulceration 106 Deep and perforating corneal ulceration 108 Melting corneal ulceration 110 Feline keratitis, nonulcerative and ulcerative 111 Feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis (EK) 112 Corneal sequestrum 113 Further reading 114

11 References Anterior uvea 116 Anterior uveal diseases 116 Persistent pupillary membranes (PPMs) 116 Uveal cysts 117 Iris atrophy 118 Feline diffuse iris melanoma 118 Canine anterior uveal melanocytic neoplasia 119 Iridociliary neoplasia 120 Anterior uveitis 121 Further reading 124 References Lens 125 Diseases of the lens 125 Nuclear sclerosis 125 Cataract 126 Lens subluxation and luxation 128 Further reading 129 References Posterior segment 131 Diseases of the posterior segment 133 Asteroid hyalosis 133

12 Collie eye anomaly 133 Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) 134 Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) 135 Retinal degeneration (excluding PRA and SARDS) 136 Chorioretinitis 137 Retinal detachment 138 Hypertensive retinopathy 140 Optic neuritis 141 Further reading 142 References Glaucoma 144 Glaucoma 144 Further reading 148 References 148 Index 149