Supplemental Figure 1. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) (A), plasma glucose levels (B) and

Transcription

1 Supplemental Figure 1. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) (A), plasma glucose levels (B) and plasma insulin levels (C) during the 48 h infusion period before the two-step hyperglycemic clamp in diabetes-prone BioBreeding (dp-bb) rats, diabetes-resistant BioBreeding (dr-bb) rats, and Wistar-Furth (WF) rats infused for 48 h with Intralipid + heparin () or equivolume saline (). Data are means + SE. Number of animals studied (n) = 8-11 per group. The -48 h (baseline preinfusion), -3 h and -24 h were fed samples, the -2 h was a fasting sample. FFA levels were elevated to a similar extent (~2- fold basal, n.s. between groups) with prolonged infusion at different rates for the dp- BB (2.5 μl/min), dr-bb (3 μl/min) and WF rats (5.5 μl/min). Absolute FFA levels achieved with infusion were not significantly different between groups (A). Baseline fed plasma glucose levels were similar between groups and treatments. Although appeared to increase the fasting plasma glucose levels in the dp-bb rats, this was not significant (B). There was no significant difference in preclamp insulin levels between groups or treatments (C) * p<.5 vs. ; *** p<.1 vs. Supplemental Figure 2. Disposition Index (DI) calculated using insulin sensitivity from hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in diabetes-prone BioBreeding (dp-bb) rats, diabetes-resistant BioBreeding (dr-bb) rats, and Wistar-Furth (WF) rats infused for 48 h with Intralipid + heparin () or equivolume saline (). DI was calculated by multiplying C-peptide during each step of the hyperglycemic clamp (group averages) by the M/I index (also group averages) derived from the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic

2 clamp. DI was reduced to the greatest extent by in dp-bb rats. No standard errors could be calculated as hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were performed on separate animals (the reason for this is explained in the text). A Units of Disposition Index = C-peptide multiplied by μmol.kg -1.min -1 glucose infusion per pmol/l insulin. Supplemental Figure 3. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on Disposition Index. Disposition Index (DI, calculated as plasma C-peptide level multiplied by the M/I index) during the last 4 min of each step of the two-step hyperglycemic clamp (13 and 22 mmol/l) in diabetes-prone BioBreeding (dp-bb) rats, infused with saline (), or Intralipid + heparin () saline with or without N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 2.76 µmol/kg.min). Data are means + SE. Number of animals studied (n) = 4 per group. DI was significantly reduced by at 13 mmol/l glucose. This decrease was prevented with the co-infusion of NAC. A Units of Disposition Index = C-peptide multiplied by μmol.kg -1.min -1 glucose infusion per pmol/l insulin. * p<.5 vs.

3 A Plasma FFA ( Eq/l) 1,6 1,2 8 4 dp-bb dr-bb WF * ,6 1,2 8 4 *** ,6 1,2 8 4 *** B dp-bb dr-bb WF Plasma Glucose (mmol/l) C Plasma Insulin (pmol/l) dp-bb dr-bb WF Time (h) Time (h) Time (h) Supplemental Fig. 1

4 Dispostion Index (DI=C-peptide x M/I Index) A dp-bb 13mmol/l 22mmol/l Glucose Concentration Supplemental Fig. 2 Dispostion Index Dispostion Index (DI=C-peptide x M/I Index) A (DI=C-peptide x M/I Index) A dr-bb 13mmol/l 22mmol/l Glucose Concentration WF 13mmol/l 22mmol/l Glucose Concentration

5 Dispostion Index (DI=C-peptide x M/I Index) A dp-bb dp-bb dp-bb +NAC * Glucose Concentration (mmol/l) Supplemental Fig. 3

6 Supplemental Table 1. Plasma FFA Levels (Mean ± SE) during the Two Step (13mmol/l and 22mmol/l) Hyperglycemic Clamp following 48h Saline () or Intralipid+Heparin () Infusion in diabetes prone BioBreeding (dp BB) Rats, diabetes resistant Biobreeding (dr BB) Rats and Wistar Furth (WF) Rats Number of animals studied (n) = 8 11 per group *p<.5 vs. **p<.1 vs. ***p<.1 vs.

7 Supplemental Table 2. Whole Clamp C peptide Levels (Natural Logarithm) after Adjustment for Insulin Sensitivity (ln M/I) A following 48h Saline () or Intralipid+Heparin () Infusion in diabetes prone BioBreeding (dp BB) Rats, diabetes resistant Biobreeding (dr BB) Rats and Wistar Furth (WF) Rats Number of animals studied (n) = 8 11 per group *p<.5 for effect of in dp BB vs. dr BB rats A The adjusted C peptide levels were obtained by covariance analysis as described in Methods