number Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
|
|
- Rodger Blake
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 number 15 Done by BaraaAyed Corrected by Mamoon Alqtamin Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e
2 Regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation Regulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation involves two aspects: Allosteric regulation Quick response within the cell due to allosteric regulation of the enzymes:glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase by effector molecules to meet the demand of particular tissue (non-covalent regulation). Hormonal regulation A hormone binds to a certain receptor to transmit a signal inside the cell. This mechanism involves modification of the enzymes:glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthaseby phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the enzymes(covalent regulation). Now, we will discuss these 2 mechanisms in details: Allosteric regulation We studied in glycogen synthesis that we have glycogen synthase under regulation, and in glycogen degradation we have glycogen phosphorylase. During well fed state, we have high concentrations ofglucose, G6P, and ATP. In boththeliver and muscle, glucose 6 phosphate is considered to be anallosteric inhibitor for the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. Note that G6P is a product of glycogen degradation by glycogen phosphorylase. So, high concentration of G6P means that the enzyme must be inhibited. Also,high concentration of ATP inhibits the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase; because the energy inside the cell is already high, andglycogen is broken down into glucose in order to produce energy. In both the liver and muscle, G6P is the allosteric activator for the enzyme glycogen synthase (when G6P level is high, this indicates that it should be stored). In theliver only, glucose is an allosteric inhibitor for glycogen phosphorylase. 2 P a g e
3 Remember: muscles lack the enzyme glucose 6 phosphatase, so there is no glucose to inhibit glycogen phosphorylase. Only G6P and ATP can inhibit it. In muscles only,high concentration of AMP means that the energy charge is low. So, it will activate glycogen phosphorylase to produce more glucose 6 phosphate that enters aerobic and anaerobic pathways to produce more ATP. Remember that AMP also activates phosphofructokinase in glycolysis pathway. Ca++ which is producedby neuron stimulation is an indirect activator for glycogen phosphorylase. (The last two points will be discussed in detail in the end of this sheet) Note: during fasting, degradation is activated and synthesis is inhibited whereas during well fed state, degradation is inhibited and synthesis is activated. 3 P a g e
4 Hormonal regulation It has a powerful effect but slower than allosteric regulation, because it triggers a signal by neurotransmitters or hormones. Glucagon and epinephrine are secreted in response to low blood sugar. Glucagon binds to G protein coupled receptors in the liver only. Muscles don t have receptors for glucagon, so glucagon gives a response in liver cells only. Whereas epinephrine binds to adrenergic receptorsβ/α and epinephrine gives a response in both liver cells and muscles. Mechanism: (this example is in the liver) Low blood sugar leads to the secretion ofepinephrine and glucagon, then glucagon binds to G protein coupled receptorsand epinephrine binds to β adrenergic receptors on liver cells. As we said that these receptors are GPCRs, this binding stimulates α subunit to bind to GTP rather than GDP. This will lead to releasing the α subunit that binds to GTP. Activated α subunit binds to adenylyl cyclase which converts ATP to camp. camp activates protein kinase A which is a tetramer that has 2 regulatory subunits and 2 catalytic subunits. camp binds to the regulatory subunits, releasing catalytic subunits that are now active. Active PKA phosphorylatesglycogen phosphorylase kinaseb(inactive form)at serine or threonine residue to become in the active form. Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by the addition of a phosphate group (due to the active enzyme glycogen phosphorylase kinase a) Remember: some enzymes exist in two forms: active form "a" and inactive form "b". Now, glycogen phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase b to become active in the form of glycogenphosphorylase a. Glycogen phosphorylase starts glycogen degradation. 4 P a g e
5 Also, protein kinase A phosphorylates glycogen synthase a (active form) to become inactive in the form of glycogen synthase b (inactive form). It meanswhen glycogen synthase is phosphorylated, it will be in the inactive form. Note: glycogen phosphorylase becomesactive by phosphorylation and glycogen synthase becomesinactive by phosphorylation (it is activated by dephosphorylation). This long cascade happens to amplify the signaland therefore, amplify the effect. 5 P a g e
6 Note: there is an enzyme called protein phosphatase 1(PP1) which functions to make glycogen phosphorylase kinase a andglycogen phosphorylase ain their inactive forms by dephosphorylation. BUT through epinephrine/glucagon action, this enzyme becomes inactive. HOW? PP1 is bound to an inhibitor protein. This inhibitor protein is activated through phosphorylationby the active protein kinase A and PP1 is inhibited. So we maintain the phosphorylated state of glycogen phosphorylase kinase a andglycogen phosphorylase a (we maintained the active forms for these enzymes). When blood sugar returns to normal, glycogen phosphorylase kinase a and glycogen phosphorylase a must return to their inactive forms. However, phosphorylation is covalent modification so, it is anirreversible reaction. But there should be a way to reverse this regulation by: 1. Phosphodiesterase enzyme When blood sugar becomes normal, the signal by glucagon and epinephrine is inhibited and camp production will be inhibited. The camp that was within the cell is converted to 5 AMP by phosphodiesterase enzyme. PKA stays inactive and it will not phosphorylate glycogen phosphorylase kinase b. 2. Protein phosphatase 1(PP1) 6 P a g e
7 Increasing blood sugar leads to insulin secretion and it binds to its receptors inhibiting the production of camp (by activating the phosphodiesterase), protein kinase A is inactive. Now, the protein inhibitor that linked to PP1 is not phosphorylated (it becomes inactive) so it cannot inhibit PP1 and PP1 is now active. PP1 converts glycogen phosphorylase kinase A toglycogen phosphorylase kinase b,and glycogen phosphorylase a to glycogen phosphorylase b(converting these enzymes to their inactive forms). So, glycogen degradation will be inhibited. Also, PP1 activates glycogen synthase by dephphosphorylation. The role of AMP in the muscles Muscles can sometimes suffer from hypoxia (low oxygen level) that leads to the decrease of ATP production and the increase of AMP concentration. Because muscles need to survive, AMP activates glycogen phosphorylase b without being phosphorylated (allosteric regulation). So, degradation of glycogen happens, which leads to glucose generation. Also, AMP activates PFK1 in the glycolysis pathway so muscles produce some energy to survive until the oxygen concentration is restored. The role of calcium in muscle contraction (duringexercise) Muscles contract through nerve impulses; when the nerve impulse reaches the cell it stimulates the release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum leading to an increase in the concentration of Ca++ in the cytoplasm. Ca++that isreleased from the SR binds to a protein called calmodulincam(the most abundant calcium protein),four ions of Ca++ bind to calmodulin. After binding, Ca++ -CaM complex binds to glycogen phosphorylase kinase b and it is activated without phosphorylation. During excessive muscle contraction, ATP is highly reduced leading to the accumulation of ADP. When there is high concentration of ADP, this equation happens: ADP+ADP ATP +AMP. Then AMP activates glycogen phosphorylase b without phosphorylation. 7 P a g e
8 Differences in glycogen degradation between the liver and muscle Glucagon has no effect on muscles. AMP is an allosteric activator of muscle glycogen phosphorylase only (not the liver). Neural stimulation increases calcium concentration. Glucose is not an allosteric inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase in muscles. Muscle glycogen is a stronger feedback inhibitor of glycogen synthase than in the liver becauseglycogen in the musclesis made at less concentration than inthe liver. We know that the amount of glycogen in muscles is higher because of the mass of muscles, but it is less concentrated per gram of tissue than the liver. This mechanism is not understood well. The role of calcium in the liver 8 P a g e
9 We know that calcium is released in muscles by nerve impulses but how is it released in the liver? During stress, epinephrine is secreted, and it bindsto α adrenergic receptors in liver cells. Remember: we said previously that epinephrine binds to two types of receptors: β adrenergic receptors and α adrenergic receptors. We discussed the mechanism of binding to β adrenergic receptors and they are GPCR that work on adenylyl cyclase. α adrenergic receptors are also GPCR but work on phospholipase C. Binding of epinephrine at β adrenergic receptors activates α subunit to bind to PLC and activate it. PLC starts breaking down PIP2,it will dissociate to DAG and IP3. IP3 triggers endoplasmic reticulum to release calcium. Four Calcium ions bind to calmodulin. Calcium and DAG activate protein kinase C which phosphorylatesglycogen synthase a to become in the inactive form. Ca++ - CaM complex activates glycogen phosphorylase kinase b to become in the active form(it phosphorylatesglycogen synthase a to become inactive). Also, Ca++ - CaM complex activatescalcium calmodulin dependent protein kinasewhich phosphorylatesglycogen synthase a to become inactive. So, glycogen synthase isphosphorylated at several sites, and it becomestotally inactive. 9 P a g e
10 The End A lion doesn t concern itself with the opinion of sheep LordTywinLannister. 10 P a g e
Zaid sarhan. Osama Al-Ghafri ... Dr.nayef karadsheh
16 Zaid sarhan Osama Al-Ghafri... Dr.nayef karadsheh ALL THE FIGUERS IN THIS SHEET ARE VERY IMPORTANT AND USEFUL, PLEASE DON T SKIP THEM. Glycogen phosphorylase kinase = GPK // glycogen phosphorylase=gp
More informationPPP_glycogen_metabolism Part 2 الفريق الطبي األكاديمي. Done By: - Shady Soghayr
PPP_glycogen_metabolism Part 2 الفريق الطبي األكاديمي Done By: - Shady Soghayr لكية الطب البرشي البلقاء التطبيقية / املركز 6166 6102/ **How we get glucose-1-phosphate from glucose (source of glucose-1-
More informationTala Saleh. Ahmad Attari. Mamoun Ahram
23 Tala Saleh Ahmad Attari Minna Mushtaha Mamoun Ahram In the previous lecture, we discussed the mechanisms of regulating enzymes through inhibitors. Now, we will start this lecture by discussing regulation
More informationEnzymes Part III: regulation II. Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017
Enzymes Part III: regulation II Dr. Mamoun Ahram Summer, 2017 Advantage This is a major mechanism for rapid and transient regulation of enzyme activity. A most common mechanism is enzyme phosphorylation
More informationCell Signaling part 2
15 Cell Signaling part 2 Functions of Cell Surface Receptors Other cell surface receptors are directly linked to intracellular enzymes. The largest family of these is the receptor protein tyrosine kinases,
More informationRegulation of glycogen degradation
Paper : 04 Metabolism of carbohydrates Module : 26 Principal Investigator Paper Coordinator Content Reviewer Content Writer Dr.S.K.Khare,Professor IIT Delhi. Dr. Ramesh Kothari,Professor UGC-CAS Department
More informationPlasma membranes. Plasmodesmata between plant cells. Gap junctions between animal cells Cell junctions. Cell-cell recognition
Cell Communication Cell Signaling Cell-to-cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms Communicate by chemical messengers Animal and plant cells have cell junctions that directly connect
More informationChapter 11. Cell Communication. Signal Transduction Pathways
Chapter 11 Cell Communication Signal Transduction Pathways Signal-Transduction Pathway Signal on a cell s surface is converted into a specific cellular response Local signaling (short distance) - Paracrine
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS Vol. I - Biochemistry of Vitamins, Hormones and Other Messenger Molecules - Chris Whiteley
BIOCHEMISTRY OF VITAMINS, HORMONES AND OTHER MESSENGER MOLECULES Chris Whiteley Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa Keywords: phosphorylation, phosphorylase,
More informationLast time we talked about glucagon and epinephrine
Last time we talked about glucagon and epinephrine *Glucagon it's very important hormone, its nature is a protein look like a polypeptide chain. *Epinephrine hormone it's nature is an amino acid derivative.
More informationBCOR 011 Lecture 19 Oct 12, 2005 I. Cell Communication Signal Transduction Chapter 11
BCOR 011 Lecture 19 Oct 12, 2005 I. Cell Communication Signal Transduction Chapter 11 External signal is received and converted to another form to elicit a response 1 Lecture Outline 1. Types of intercellular
More information2402 : Anatomy/Physiology
Dr. Chris Doumen Lecture 2 2402 : Anatomy/Physiology The Endocrine System G proteins and Adenylate Cyclase /camp TextBook Readings Pages 405 and 599 through 603. Make use of the figures in your textbook
More informationLecture 34. Carbohydrate Metabolism 2. Glycogen. Key Concepts. Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation
Lecture 34 Carbohydrate Metabolism 2 Glycogen Key Concepts Overview of Glycogen Metabolism Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen degradation Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen synthesis What mechanisms
More informationSarah Jaar Marah Al-Darawsheh
22 Sarah Jaar Marah Al-Darawsheh Faisal Mohammad Receptors can be membrane proteins (for water-soluble hormones/ligands) or intracellular (found in the cytosol or nucleus and bind to DNA, for lipid-soluble
More informationCell Communication. Local and Long Distance Signaling
Cell Communication Cell to cell communication is essential for multicellular organisms Some universal mechanisms of cellular regulation providing more evidence for the evolutionary relatedness of all life
More informationHighlights Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Highlights Pentose Phosphate Pathway 1. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is an interchange of metabolic pathways. 2. It is important to cells as a) an important source of NADPH, b) an important source
More informationANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH. 6 - CELL COMMUNICATION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: CELL-TO-CELL CONNECTIONS AND SIGNALING Gap and Tight Junctions: Adjacent cells communicate and hold on to each other via junctions. Two important kinds: Gap Junctions are
More informationSignal Transduction Cascades
Signal Transduction Cascades Contents of this page: Kinases & phosphatases Protein Kinase A (camp-dependent protein kinase) G-protein signal cascade Structure of G-proteins Small GTP-binding proteins,
More informationLecture 9: Cell Communication I
02.05.10 Lecture 9: Cell Communication I Multicellular organisms need to coordinate cellular functions in different tissues Cell-to-cell communication is also used by single celled organisms to signal
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationMechanisms of Hormone Action
Mechanisms of Hormone Action General principles: 1. Signals act over different ranges. 2. Signals have different chemical natures. 3. The same signal can induce a different response in different cells.
More informationHormones and Signal Transduction. Dr. Kevin Ahern
Dr. Kevin Ahern Signaling Outline Signaling Outline Background Signaling Outline Background Membranes Signaling Outline Background Membranes Hormones & Receptors Signaling Outline Background Membranes
More informationDr. Mohnen s notes on GLUCONEOGENESIS
Dr. Mohnen s notes on GLUCONEOGENESIS Note: Even though we did not get through all of these slides during lecture, I advise you to look them all through because they will be helpful to you as you learn
More informationBIOLOGY. Cell Communication CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson. Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 11 Cell Communication Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Cellular Messaging Cells can signal to
More information- Biosignaling: Signal transduction. References: chapter 8 of Lippincots chapter 1 3 of Lehningers
Basic concepts of Metabolism Metabolism and metabolic pathway Metabolic Map Catabolism Anabolism - Regulation of Metabolism Signals from within the cell (Intracellular) Communication between cells. - Biosignaling:
More informationChapter 11. Cell Communication
Chapter 11 Cell Communication Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication Is absolutely essential for multicellular organisms Concept 11.1: External signals are converted into responses
More informationFinal Review Sessions. 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office Hours
Final Review Sessions 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office ours 3/14 (WED) 9:30 11:30 am (Rebecca) 3/16 (FRI) 9-11 am (Abel) Final ESSENTIALS Posted Lecture 20 ormonal
More informationReceptor mediated Signal Transduction
Receptor mediated Signal Transduction G-protein-linked receptors adenylyl cyclase camp PKA Organization of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases From G.M. Cooper, The Cell. A molecular approach, 2004, third
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Signaling
Chapter 9 Cellular Signaling Cellular Messaging Page 215 Cells can signal to each other and interpret the signals they receive from other cells and the environment Signals are most often chemicals The
More informationLecture: CHAPTER 13 Signal Transduction Pathways
Lecture: 10 17 2016 CHAPTER 13 Signal Transduction Pathways Chapter 13 Outline Signal transduction cascades have many components in common: 1. Release of a primary message as a response to a physiological
More informationSignal Transduction Pathways. Part 2
Signal Transduction Pathways Part 2 GPCRs G-protein coupled receptors > 700 GPCRs in humans Mediate responses to senses taste, smell, sight ~ 1000 GPCRs mediate sense of smell in mouse Half of all known
More informationLipids and Membranes
Lipids and Membranes Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy Membrane transport D. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
More informationRevision. camp pathway
االله الرحمن الرحيم بسم Revision camp pathway camp pathway Revision camp pathway Adenylate cyclase Adenylate Cyclase enzyme Adenylate cyclase catalyses the formation of camp from ATP. Stimulation or inhibition
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 12 Done by Baraa Ayed Corrected by Mamoon Mohammad Alqtamin Doctor Nayef Karadsheh Lactate production 1 P a g e Advantages of producing lactate Lactate is produced anaerobically to meet the following
More informationIntroduction! Introduction! Introduction! Chem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 2
Chem 452 - Lecture 10 Signal Transduction & Sensory Systems Part 2 Questions of the Day: How does the hormone insulin trigger the uptake of glucose in the cells that it targets. Introduction! Signal transduction
More informationResp & Cell Comm Review
Resp & Cell Comm Review Two main catabolic processes: fermentation: partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen. cellular respiration: uses oxygen to complete the breakdown of many organic molecules.
More informationPropagation of the Signal
OpenStax-CNX module: m44452 1 Propagation of the Signal OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the end of this section,
More informationMoh Tarek. Razi Kittaneh. Jaqen H ghar
14 Moh Tarek Razi Kittaneh Jaqen H ghar Naif Karadsheh Gluconeogenesis is making glucose from non-carbohydrates precursors. Although Gluconeogenesis looks like Glycolysis in many steps, it is not the simple
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition. Lectures by Chris Romero. Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Overview: The Cellular Internet Cell-to-cell communication Is absolutely
More informationCell Communication. Cell Communication. Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule
Cell Communication Cell Communication Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule receptor protein: the molecule to which the ligand binds (may be on the plasma membrane or within
More informationCellular Signaling Pathways. Signaling Overview
Cellular Signaling Pathways Signaling Overview Signaling steps Synthesis and release of signaling molecules (ligands) by the signaling cell. Transport of the signal to the target cell Detection of the
More informationVets 111/Biov 111 Cell Signalling-2. Secondary messengers the cyclic AMP intracellular signalling system
Vets 111/Biov 111 Cell Signalling-2 Secondary messengers the cyclic AMP intracellular signalling system The classical secondary messenger model of intracellular signalling A cell surface receptor binds
More informationG-Protein Signaling. Introduction to intracellular signaling. Dr. SARRAY Sameh, Ph.D
G-Protein Signaling Introduction to intracellular signaling Dr. SARRAY Sameh, Ph.D Cell signaling Cells communicate via extracellular signaling molecules (Hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters
More informationGPCR. General Principles of Cell Signaling G-protein-Coupled Receptors Enzyme-Coupled Receptors Other Signaling Pathways. G-protein-Coupled Receptors
G-protein-Coupled Receptors General Principles of Cell Signaling G-protein-Coupled Receptors Enzyme-Coupled Receptors Other Signaling Pathways GPCR G-protein-coupled receptors Figure 15-30 Molecular Biology
More informationLecture 15. Signal Transduction Pathways - Introduction
Lecture 15 Signal Transduction Pathways - Introduction So far.. Regulation of mrna synthesis Regulation of rrna synthesis Regulation of trna & 5S rrna synthesis Regulation of gene expression by signals
More informationCell responses to environment-- Signals
Cell responses to environment-- Signals Signal transduction can coordinate: Development Formation of tissues Timing of cell division Direction of cell enlargement Size and shape of organs Responses to
More informationLab Results: 1. Document the initial and final egg masses. 2. Calculate the percent change
Lab Results: 1. Document the initial and final egg masses. 2. Calculate the percent change 3. Draw an arrow showing which way water traveled (in or out of the egg) on your post lab. CHI- SQUARE: What if
More informationTuesday, Sept. 14, Is an enzyme a rigid system?
Tuesday, Sept. 14, Is an enzyme a rigid system? Early researchers thought of enzymes as rigid entities, recognizing their substrates the way a lock would recognize a key. Today's researchers, however,
More informationCellular Communication
Cellular Communication But before we get into that What have we learned about so far? Energy and Matter Why do living things need energy? Grow Reproduce Maintain homeostasis Cellular signaling Cells communicate
More informationGlycogen Metabolism. BCH 340 lecture 9
Glycogen Metabolism BC 340 lecture 9 Structure of glycogen Glycogen is homopolysaccharide formed of branched D-glucose units The primary glycosidic bond is 1-4-linkage Each branch is made of 6-12 glucose
More informationBiol220 Cell Signalling Cyclic AMP the classical secondary messenger
Biol220 Cell Signalling Cyclic AMP the classical secondary messenger The classical secondary messenger model of intracellular signalling A cell surface receptor binds the signal molecule (the primary
More informationBy the name of Allah
By the name of Allah Receptors function and signal transduction ( Hormones and receptors Types) We were talking about receptors of the neurotransmitters; we have 2 types of receptors: 1- Ionotropic receptors
More informationRegulation of cell function by intracellular signaling
Regulation of cell function by intracellular signaling Objectives: Regulation principle Allosteric and covalent mechanisms, Popular second messengers, Protein kinases, Kinase cascade and interaction. regulation
More informationCell Communication. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationSignal Transduction: G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Signal Transduction: G-Protein Coupled Receptors Federle, M. (2017). Lectures 4-5: Signal Transduction parts 1&2: nuclear receptors and GPCRs. Lecture presented at PHAR 423 Lecture in UIC College of Pharmacy,
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationBiosignals, Chapter 8, rearranged, Part I
Biosignals, Chapter 8, rearranged, Part I Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: A Ligand-Binding Ion Channel Classes of Receptor Proteins in Eukaryotes, Heterotrimeric G Proteins Signaling View the Heterotrimeric
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 11 Done by حسام أبو عوض Corrected by Moayyad Al-Shafei Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e General Regulatory Aspects in Metabolism: We can divide all pathways in metabolism to catabolicand anabolic.
More informationChapter 15: Signal transduction
Chapter 15: Signal transduction Know the terminology: Enzyme-linked receptor, G-protein linked receptor, nuclear hormone receptor, G-protein, adaptor protein, scaffolding protein, SH2 domain, MAPK, Ras,
More informationGlycolysis. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Biochemistry Team 437
Glycolysis Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights Biochemistry Team 437 ﺑ ﺳ م ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم Objectives: Recognize glycolysis as the major oxidative pathway of
More informationBIOLOGY. Cell Communication CAMPBELL. Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson. Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson 11 Cell Communication Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Cellular Messaging Cells can signal to
More informationLecture 2: Glycogen metabolism (Chapter 15)
Lecture 2: Glycogen metabolism (Chapter 15) First. Fig. 15.1 Review: Animals use glycogen for ENERGY STORAGE. Glycogen is a highly-branched polymer of glucose units: Basic structure is similar to that
More informationSignal Transduction: Information Metabolism. Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
Signal Transduction: Information Metabolism Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Introduction Information Metabolism How cells receive, process and respond
More informationPhysiology Unit 1 CELL SIGNALING: CHEMICAL MESSENGERS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS
Physiology Unit 1 CELL SIGNALING: CHEMICAL MESSENGERS AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS In Physiology Today Cell Communication Homeostatic mechanisms maintain a normal balance of the body s internal environment
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationAsma Karameh Omar Sami
5 Asma Karameh Omar Sami Mohammad khatatbeh Happy day friends! This lecture will be discussing what we have said in the previous lectures relating to different mechanisms of transport across a biological
More information2013 W. H. Freeman and Company. 12 Signal Transduction
2013 W. H. Freeman and Company 12 Signal Transduction CHAPTER 12 Signal Transduction Key topics: General features of signal transduction Structure and function of G protein coupled receptors Structure
More informationReceptors Families. Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia
Receptors Families Assistant Prof. Dr. Najlaa Saadi PhD Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Philadelphia Receptor Families 1. Ligand-gated ion channels 2. G protein coupled receptors 3. Enzyme-linked
More informationChapter 15 Homework Assignment
Chapter 15 Homework Assignment The following problems will be due once we finish the chapter: 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 Chapter 15 1 Regulation of Metabolic Pathways Dynamic Steady State Fuels, such as glucose, enter
More informationMBG301. Class IV. Classification of GPCRs according to their effector function (according to Lodish)
MBG301 Class IV Classification of GPCRs according to their effector function (according to Lodish) 1. Adenylcyclase activation by GPCRs 2. Ion channel regulation by GPCRs 3. Phospholipase C (PLC) activation
More informationGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FIGURE 17.1
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FIGURE 17.1 1. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete chemical signals, called hormones, into the blood. In addition, other organs and cells
More informationChapter 10. Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002
Chapter 10 Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002 Chapter 10: Integration and Control of Metabolism Press the space bar or click the mouse
More information5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
5.0 HORMONAL CONTROL OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Introduction: Variety of hormones and other molecules regulate the carbohydrates metabolism. Some of these have already been cited in previous sections.
More informationChapter 11 Cell Communication Guided Reading. 3. How do intercellular connections function in cell to cell communication?
AP Biology TEXT: Biology, Campbell and Reece 7 th Edition Name Chapter 11 Cell Communication Guided Reading This chapter is often considered difficult as you have not covered it in an introductory biology
More informationCarbohydrate Metabolism 2 Supplemental Reading
Carbohydrate Metabolism 2 Supplemental Reading Key Concepts - Overview of glycogen metabolism - Biochemistry and regulation glycogen degradation - Biochemistry and regulation of glycogen synthesis - Control
More informationCell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Cell Communication. Chapter 9. Communication between cells requires:
Chapter 9 Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds -may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell 2 There are four
More informationThe elements of G protein-coupled receptor systems
The elements of G protein-coupled receptor systems Prostaglandines Sphingosine 1-phosphate a receptor that contains 7 membrane-spanning domains a coupled trimeric G protein which functions as a switch
More informationBiochemistry Team 437. Glycogen metabolism. Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights. Musculoskeletal block
Glycogen metabolism Color index: Doctors slides Notes and explanations Extra information Highlights Biochemistry Team 437 ﺑ ﺳ م ﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم Musculoskeletal block Objectives: By the end of this lecture,
More informationRelay molecules in a signal transduction pathway
Cell Signaling Figure 11.6-3 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Plasma membrane CYTOPLASM 1 Reception 2 Transduction 3 Response Receptor Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway Activation of cellular response
More informationCell Communication and Cell Signaling
Cell Communication and Cell Signaling Why is cell signaling important? Why is cell signaling important? Allows cells to communicate and coordinate functions/activities of the organism Usually involves
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology. Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationLink download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet
Link download full of Test Bank for Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition by Voet http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-fundamentals-ofbiochemistry-4th-edition-by-voet/ Chapter 16: Glycogen
More informationChapter 20. Cell - Cell Signaling: Hormones and Receptors. Three general types of extracellular signaling. endocrine signaling. paracrine signaling
Chapter 20 Cell - Cell Signaling: Hormones and Receptors Three general types of extracellular signaling endocrine signaling paracrine signaling autocrine signaling Endocrine Signaling - signaling molecules
More informationUNIT 3: Signal transduction. Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247
UNIT 3: Signal transduction Prof K Syed Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand Room no. 247 SyedK@unizulu.ac.za Topics Signal transduction Terminology G-protein signaling pathway
More informationCell Communication. Chapter 11. Biology. Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for
Chapter 11 Cell Communication PowerPoint Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
More informationRevision. General functions of hormones. Hormone receptors. Hormone derived from steroids Small polypeptide Hormone
االله الرحمن الرحيم بسم Revision General functions of hormones. Hormone receptors Classification according to chemical nature Classification according to mechanism of action Compare and contrast between
More informationWe must be able to make glucose
Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates Synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) Glycogen Formation of pentoses and NADPH Photosynthesis We must be able to make glucose Compulsory need for glucose (above all the brain)
More informationLECTURE PRESENTATIONS
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 11 Cell Communication Lectures
More informationReceptors and Drug Action. Dr. Subasini Pharmacology Department Ishik University, Erbil
Receptors and Drug Action Dr. Subasini Pharmacology Department Ishik University, Erbil Receptors and Drug Action Receptor Receptor is defined as a macromolecule or binding site located on the surface or
More informationThe R-subunit would not the able to release the catalytic subunit, so this mutant of protein kinase A would be incapable of being activated.
1. Explain how one molecule of cyclic AMP can result in activation of thousands of molecules of glycogen phosphorylase. Technically it takes four molecules of cyclic AMP to fully activate one molecule
More informationOrganization of lectures: Cell Signaling I: Sex, Drugs and Violence. Cell signaling is central to modern medicine. Forms of Cell Signaling
Cell Signaling I: Sex, Drugs and Violence Joe W. Ramos jramos@crch.hawaii.edu www.crch.org/profiles/jramos Organization of lectures: General Principles of signaling cascades Hormone Signaling Signaling
More informationChem Lecture 10 Signal Transduction
Chem 452 - Lecture 10 Signal Transduction 111130 Here we look at the movement of a signal from the outside of a cell to its inside, where it elicits changes within the cell. These changes are usually mediated
More informationMembrane associated receptor transfers the information. Second messengers relay information
Membrane associated receptor transfers the information Most signals are polar and large Few of the signals are nonpolar Receptors are intrinsic membrane proteins Extracellular and intracellular domains
More informationLojayn Salah. Razan Aburumman. Faisal Muhammad
20 Lojayn Salah Razan Aburumman Faisal Muhammad Note: I tried to include everything that's important from the doctor's slides but you can refer back to them after studying this sheet.. After you read this
More informationGeneral principles: Cells sense and respond to the environment. 1. Signals act over different ranges. 2. Signals have different chemical natures.
3 4 BCOR 011 Lecture 19 Oct 12, 2005. Cell Communication Signal Transduction Chapter 11 Lecture Outline 1. Types of intercellular communication 2. The primary receiver Receptors 3. the concept of AMPLIFICATION
More informationG-Proteins Receptors and 2nd Messenger Mechanism
G-Proteins Receptors and 2nd Messenger Mechanism (A lot of information in this sheet is repeated over and over. In my opinion, this is the easiest lecture, enjoy ) Recap: Receptors are specific protein
More informationCell Biology (BIOL 4374 and BCHS 4313) Third Exam 4/24/01
Cell Biology (BIOL 4374 and BCHS 4313) Third Exam 4/24/01 Name SS# This exam is worth a total of 100 points. The number of points each question is worth is shown in parentheses. For multiple choice questions,
More informationCellular Messengers. Intracellular Communication
Cellular Messengers Intracellular Communication Most common cellular communication is done through extracellular chemical messengers: Ligands Specific in function 1. Paracrines Local messengers (neighboring
More informationBiology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-2
Biology 638 Biochemistry II Exam-2 Biol 638, Exam-2 (Code-1) 1. Assume that 16 glucose molecules enter into a liver cell and are attached to a liner glycogen one by one. Later, this glycogen is broken-down
More informationChapter 5 Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers
Chapter 5 Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers = How hormones and other signals work Intercellular Communication = Intercellular Signal Transmission Chemical communication Electrical communication Intercellular
More information