Paradigm Shifts in Sport and Coaching
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1 Paradigm Shifts in Sport and Coaching Stanford University August 19-20, 2011 Istvan Balyi National Coaching Institute British Columbia Sport Canada - Canadian Sport for Life LTAD Bahrain and South African Olympic Committee
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4 Paradigm Shifts Paradigm # 1: Change: Constant Change! Paradigm # 2: Long-Term Athlete Development Paradigm # 3: Contemporary Periodization Paradigm # 4: Planning and Periodization for the Pre-pubertal and Pubertal Athlete Paradigm # 5: The Diminishing Returns Phase Paradigm # 6. The System of Competition Paradigm # 7: Taper and Peak
5 Paradigm Shifts Paradigm # 8. Female Athlete and Hormonal Adaptations Paradigm # 9: Stretching and Warm Up Paradigm # 10: Prehabilitation Paradigm # 11. Speed Training All Year Round Paradigm # 12: The Myth of the Aerobic Base Paradigm # 13: Ultra Short Interval Training Paradigm # 14: The Myth of Strength Training
6 Paradigm Shifts Paradigm # 15: Transfer of Strength Complex training Paradigm # 16: Sustenance Paradigm # 17: Over-training or Under-recovery? Paradigm # 18: Hygiene Immuno Reaction Paradigm # 19: Mental Preparation Paradigm # 20: The Eye of the Coach Blink or Rapid Cognition
7 Paradigm Shifts Paradigm # 21: Ancillary Capacities Paradigm # 22: Parent s Education Paradigm # 23: LTAD and NCCP Alignment Paradigm # 24: Integrated Sport Science Team Paradigm # 25: Kaizen Continuous Improvement
8 Paradigm Shifts (In the making ) Paradigm # 26: Deliberate Practice and Deliberate Play Paradigm # 27: Inclusion versus Exclusion Paradigm # 28: Specialization Paradigm # 29: Quadrennial Planning Paradigm # 30: The FUNdamentals Paradigm # 31: Physical Literacy Paradigm # 32: Trainability Paradigm # 33: Brain, Myoline and Skills
9 Video presentation The New Business of Paradigms - 21 st Century Edition
10 Very powerful CS4L-LTAD put traditional sport development back to ZERO It does not matter how good you were in the past, BUT how good you are going to be in the future? Change.. You current paradigms might blind you about change..
11 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 1 Change Constant Change
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14 Constant change Change is not easy We resist change Therefore mostly, we like to do what we are doing comfort zone Change is inevitable, progress is optional.
15 Change is a four letter word It is FEAR! Organizations and individuals resisting change! Your past success guaranties nothing!
16 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 2 CS4L Long-Term Athlete Development
17 (Adapted and Modified from Small Blacks to All Blacks)
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20 LTAD models
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29 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 3 Contemporary Periodization Integration and Sequencing of Sport Science, Sport Medicine and Sport-Specific Technical-Tactical Activities
30 Planning
31 LTAD to your Next Training Session Athlete Chronological Age Biological Age Training Age Micro Cycles Introductory Development Shock Maintenance Taper Peak Restoration Transition Sessions 6:1 = 4 / 6 / 9 / 12 / 15 5:2 3:1 2:1 Meso Cycles Developmental Stabilizing Pre-competition Competitive Restorative Annual Plan Single Double Triple Multiple Periodization Evaluation Phases General Specific Pre-competitive Competitive Transition Periods Preparation Competition Transition New Plan
32 Literature: all What is Periodization? Periods, Phases, Mesocycles and Microcycles.. How to? Practically NOTHING on it!!! Actually how compile and quantify an annual plan?
33 DEFENSIVE OFFENSIVE COMPLEX CLOSED SPECIAL OPEN PASSION STRATEGIES SKILL SELF CONTROL COMMITTMENT EMOTION ENERGIZED TRAINING & PERFORMANCE PSYCHOLOGY CONFIDENCE INTEGRITY CHARACTER FOCUS RESPECT CARING ENVIRONMENT PHYSIOLOGY NUTRITION COLD HEAT ALTITUDE FITNESS HEALTH
34 PERIPHERAL CENTRAL AEROBIC OVER TRAINING PULMONARY OXYGEN TRANSPORT ENERGY SYSTEMS ANAEROBIC LACTIC ANAEROBIC ALACTIC DISEASE HEALTH EXPLOSIVE INJURY PHYSIOLOGY POWER SPEED RECOVERY REST/FATIGUE SLEEP REPAIR NUTRITION STRENGTH SPECIFIC RELATIVE FUELS NUTRIENTS ABSOLUTE HYDRATION hwengeroo
35 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching #4. Planning and Periodization for the Pubertal Athlete
36 Literature: What is Periodization for the Pubertal Athlete? Missing or nonexistent! How to Periodize for the Pubertal Athlete? Missing or non-existent! Foundation of future excellence??? Superimposing adult programs???
37 Size attained as % of postnatal growth Influence of maturation: Different patterns of system growth during childhood Neural General Genital Age (years) Adapted from Scammon, 1930
38 Trainability: Based on chronological age: Speed Suppleness Based on developmental age Skill Stamina Strength Biological markers onset of PHV PHV onset of menarche
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41 cm Rapid Transit and Slow Transit (Tanner, 1989) Slow R apid Years
42 Develop children through sport must make the an efficient use of the most important development phases, which are prepuberty, puberty and post-puberty. (Albeit, 1998) I would say early post-puberty
43 Developmental age - PHV How to measure? What to measure? When to measure? What tools to use for the measurements? Who should measure? How to administer measurement data?
44 The orbitale (O) is located on the lower or most inferior margin of the eye socket. The tragion (T) is the notch above or superior to the tragus or flap of the ear, at the superior aspect of the zygomatic bone. This position corresponds almost exactly to the visual axis when the subject is looking directly ahead.
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51 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching #5. The Diminishing Returns Phase (The power of law of practice)
52 12-15 weeks for senior top athletes (P. Tschene) 3 x 15 weeks or microcycle periods or 3 macrocycles International swimming calendar 3 X 15 or 2 X 24
53 Delayed Onset of Training Effect Diminishing Returns / Adaptation Reserves (Balyi, 1997) Schematical Illustration of Long-term Adaptation to Trainin Training Age Shorter delay Longer delay
54 Diminishing Returns in Adaptation Genetic Ceiling Ancillary Capacities Training Age
55 Planning
56 12 Week Program - Traditional Rest Competition Taper Downloading Loading
57 12 Week Program - Mixed Rest Competition Taper Downloading Loading
58 12 Week Program - Downloading (Only for Power Sports) Rest Competition Taper Downloading Loading
59 12 Week Program Accumulation - Intensification Rest Competition Taper Intensification Accumulation
60 NCI BC - Victoria
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62 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 6 Competition Paradigm.
63 Who designed your system of competition?
64 Who designed your system of competition?
65 The biggest impact on sports is NOT the sport-specific LTAD!
66 Competition Review Stage by stage competition review Developmentally appropriate competitions Developmentally appropriate periodization Rowing Speed skating Quebec Swimming
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69 Quebec Swimming LTAD (No longer swimming in circles!) Age 14 time standard required to race 200 and 400 individual medley to qualify Start, turns, 4 styles, aerobic capacity! 2001 = 39 provincial records broken 2005 = = = = 47 in the first 3 months.
70 In a democratic society the only way to make change is to modify the competition structure to change behaviour. Orjan Madsen Norwegian physiologist
71 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 7. Taper and Peak
72 Taper maximize fitness and fatigue differences (Bannister SFU, 1985). Very poorly understood by coaches and athletes.
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76 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 8. Female Athletes and Hormonal Menstrual cycle Adaptations Follicular phase Luteal phase Dr. Vicki Harber The Female Athlete Perspective
77 Hormonal Predisposition
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79 Australian Sport Commission Daly: Hormones
80 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 9 Warm Up and Stretching Objectives of warm up? Flexibility / Stretching (static, ballistic, PNF, dynamic mobility)
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82 Stretching practice Current research demonstrates that static stretching prior to dynamic activity decrease motor unit recruitment, motor unit synchronization and rate of force production. Thus, no static stretching during warm up Do it after cool down or as part of cooling down Or 2 hours prior or after training and/or competition activities. Why?
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84 ACUTE EFFECTS OF STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC STRETCHING ON ISOMETRIC PEAK TORQUE, ELECTROMYOGRAPHY, AND MECHANOMYOGRAPHY OF THE BICEPS FEMORIS MUSCLE TRENT J. HERDA,1 JOEL T. CRAMER,1 ERIC D. RYAN,1 MALACHY P. MCHUGH,2AND JEFFREY R. STOUT Overall, an acute bout of dynamic stretching may be less detrimental to muscle strength than static stretching for the hamstrings.
85 ACUTE EFFECTS OF STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC STRETCHING ON ISOMETRIC PEAK TORQUE, ELECTROMYOGRAPHY, AND MECHANOMYOGRAPHY OF THE BICEPS FEMORIS MUSCLE TRENT J. HERDA,1 JOEL T. CRAMER,1 ERIC D. RYAN,1 MALACHY P. MCHUGH,2AND JEFFREY R. STOUT Overall, an acute bout of dynamic stretching may be less detrimental to muscle strength than static stretching for the hamstrings.
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97 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 10. Prehabilitation versus rehabilitation
98 Implications Rehabilitation - well done Pre-habilitation - prevention? Huge implication - immediate action needed! Preventative sport medicine? Musculo-skeletal screening Body alignment (foot, ankle, knee, hip, vertebrae, shoulder) Muscle imbalances Optimal flexibility ranges (ROM) Regular and frequent screening before and during maturation Regular yearly screening after maturation
99 LTAD is pre-habilitation and minimizes rehabilitation!
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101 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 11. Speed Training All Year Round! Speed training all year round? When and how? Block loading periodized during SPP, PCP and sometimes during the CP
102 Block Loading Sequencing specialized mesocycle blocks with highly concentrated workloads focusing on a limited number of skill or fitness elements.. Priorities One of the Five S s is prioritize and the others are maintained or slightly improved (interference)
103 Block Loading Traditional model Complex use of different workloads directed at many abilities Developing different abilities Simultaneous Adaptation to concurrent training stimuli affecting many different targets Block Loading Model Use of highly concentrated workloads directed at a minimum of abilities Developing different abilities Consecutive Superimposition of residual training effects induced by highly concentrated training stimuli
104 Track Cycling Day 1 pure speed training Day 2 mixed Pure speed first Metabolic second Recovery third Day 3 hard metabolic training Day 4 active rest Day 5 = rest / or Day 1 again
105 Track Cycling Day 1 pure speed training Day 2 mixed Pure speed first Metabolic second Recovery third Day 3 hard metabolic training Day 4 active rest or rest
106 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 12. The Myth of the Aerobic Base in Power Sports
107 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 13. Ultra Short Interval Training Train the anaerobic system parallel with the aerobic system??? Very popular during the 1980 s It is a resurging new training method!
108 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 14. The Myth of Strength Training (or skill, or endurance, or speed or flexibility)
109 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 15. Transfer of strength and power Little research and knowledge on transfer Greg Wilson, 1995 Northern Star University Daniel Baker, ARL Ian King, Brisbane Complex training
110 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 16. SUSTENANCE Recovery, Regeneration Nutrition Hydration Rest Sleep Regeneration
111 Chrono-nutrition Chrono-hydration Timing of the nutritional intake regarding the beginning of the training session or competition and at the training session or competition.
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123 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 17. Overtraining or Under-recovery?
124 Overtraining Overstress Overreaching Under-Recovery Unexplained Under-Performance Syndrome (UPS)
125 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 18. Hygiene and Immuno-reaction Fatigue and immuno reaction US army study
126 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 19. Mental Preparation through the LTAD Stages
127 England Badminton: Fundamental Learn to Train Train to Train Train to Compete Train to Win Forthcoming: Generic Mental Skills for LTAD Stages
128 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 20. The Coach s Eye Rapid Cognition
129 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 21. Ancillary Capacities Diminishing Returns in Adaptation Genetic Ceiling Ancillary Capacities Training Age
130 Improvements after reaching genetic ceiling limits Warm up and cool down Stretching Nutrition / hydration Regeneration Mental training Taper and Peak Environment Life-style (24/7 athlete)
131 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 22. Parent s Education
132 Parent s Education Ideal coaching job? Orphanage No parental involvement!
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135 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 23. LTAD and Coach Education Alignment
136 Long-Term Athlete Development CS4L LTAD & NCCP
137 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 24. Integrated Sport Science and Medicine Team
138 COMPETITION PLAN FOR CURLING TWO GAME DAY #1: 8:00 a.m. & 2:30 p.m. Wake-up Light aerobic stretching Breakfast Hydrate Snack Debrief Reload Mental Recovery Lunch Napping Less than 30 mins. Hydrate Snack Mental Recovery Debrief Reload Supper Relax Reset Sleep GAME 1 GAME 2 Pre-Competition Routine: Warm up Psychological prep. Hydrate and Snack Post-Comp. Routine Cool down Rehab/ Recovery/Ice Light Stretch Snack Recommend leaving the building Pre-Competition Routine: Warm up Psychological prep. Post-Comp. Routine Cool down Rehab/ Recovery/Ice Light Stretch Snack Can watch 30 min. Notes: Snack (reload) within 20 minutes of end of each Game Even if you are going for dinner Dagg-Jackson; Way; Balyi; Comartin; Parsons; Cox; Farres; 2005
139 COMPETITION PLAN FOR CURLING 3 GAME DAY #1 9 am; 4 pm; 8 pm Wake-up Light aerobic stretching Breakfast Hydrate Snack Debrief Reload Mental Recovery Lunch Napping 30 minutes Hydrate Snack Mental Recovery Debrief Reload Bigger Snack Disengagement Mental cool-down Sleep GAME 1 GAME 2 GAME 3 Pre-Competition Routine: Warm up Psychological prep. Hydrate and Snack Post-Comp. Routine Cool down Rehab/ Recovery/Ice Light Stretch Snack Leave the building Pre-Competition Routine: Warm up Psychological prep. Post-Comp. Routine Cool down Rehab/ Recovery/Ice Light Stretch Bigger Snack Notes: If the Game is short modify times. If the Game goes into extra end again modifications need to be made. Abbreviated Post-Comp. Routine Cool down Rehab/ Recovery/Ice Light Stretch/Snack Dagg-Jackson; Way; Balyi; Comartin; Parsons; Cox; Farres; 2005
140 COMPETITION PLAN FOR CURLING 3 GAME DAY #2 8 am; 11:30 pm; 3 pm Wake-up Light aerobic stretching Debrief Reload Mental Recovery Debrief Reload Mental Recovery Breakfast Hydrate and snack throughout day - games and breaks Meal Travel or Sleep GAME 1 GAME 2 GAME 3 Modified Pre-Competition Routine: Warm up Psychological prep. Hydrate and Snack Post-Comp. Routine Cool down Rehab/ Recovery/Ice Light Stretch Snack Leave the building Post-Comp. Routine Cool down Rehab/ Recovery/Ice Light Stretch/Snack Notes: If the Game is short modify times. If the Game goes into extra end again modifications need to be made. Benefits of fitness enable coping with this schedule Meal evening before is essential Dagg-Jackson; Way; Balyi; Comartin; Parsons; Cox; Farres; 2005
141 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 25 Kaizen
142 Paradigm Shifts in Coaching # 25 Kaizen Continuous Improvement
143 Kaizen Your past success guaranties NOTHING! Think outside of the box! Do not have a tunnel vision of your own sport! Study other sports: Athletics Gymnastics Swimming
144 Kaizen Be open minded! The mind works like a parachute, it works when it is open! If you do not make mistakes you do not learn!
145 Overview Your past success guaranties nothing!!! Constant change LTAD A tool for change Pubertal periodization - REACTIVE Trainability Age relative / developmental Monitoring growth Developmentally appropriate training Developmentally appropriate competitions
146 Periodization / Quadrennial planning Diminishing returns Program design Pre-pubertal Pubertal Early post-pubertal Adult Pre-pubertal follow windows (Speed, Skill & Suppleness) Pubertal and early post-pubertal athletes reactive periodization Adult all systems are fully trainable (easy)
147 Female athletes and hormones The myths of adaptation Endurance, Strength, Speed, Skill and Suppleness Sustenance new technologies Hygiene IST programs Kaizen
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