Index. K Keratectomy, 213

Transcription

1 Index A Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS), 76, 78 Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS), diagnostic symptoms, 75 direct and indirect costs, 75 pathophysiology, 76, 77 sinonasal inflammationin, 75 treatment failure and complications intravenous (IV) antibiotics, 81 management, 81 orbital complications, 80 osseous complications, 80 surgery, uncomplications antihistamines, 80 decongestants, 80 intranasal corticosteroids, 77 ipratropium bromide, 79 mucolytics, 79 oral antibiotics, oral corticosteroids, 78 saline irrigations, 77 Acute variant, 103 Adult dacryocystitis, 127 Allergic fungal sinusitis, 154 Antibiotic therapy, 19, 66 Antihistamines, 80 ARS. See Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) Aspergillosis, 16, 154 AIDS epidemic, 156 bony erosion, 154 definitive diagnosis, 154 histology, 72 hypointense mucosal inflammation, 154, 155 imaging studies, invasive orbital aspergillosis, 156, 157 invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis, 154 noninvasive variants, 154 orbital involvement, 154 regular septated fungal hyphae, 154, 156 risk factors, 154 signs and symptoms, 154 sino-orbital aspergillosis, 156 soft tissue masses, 155 systemic voriconazole, 156 treatment, 154 B Bacterial endophthalmitis, medical therapy intravitreal antibiotics, 195 intravitreal or periocular steroids, 196 systemic antibiotics, 194 topical pharmacotherapy, 196 surgical therapy advantages and disadvantages, 198 aspiration tubing, 197 intraoperative visualization, 197 PPV, 197 Bacterial orbital cellulitis, Bleb-related endophthalmitis (BRE), 187, 188, 190 Blepharochalasis, 103 Bony erosion, 154 Brain abscess, Burrhole drainage, 180 Springer International Publishing AG 2018 M.T. Yen, T.E. Johnson (eds.), Orbital Cellulitis and Periorbital Infections, DOI /

2 218 Index C Canaliculitis clinical presentation, evaluation, 121 treatment, 121, 122 Canaliculotomy, Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST), 18, 27, 103, 178 Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), 26 Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 26 Cerebral edema, 181 Choroidopathy, Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), 76 Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA), 69 Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy (CDCR), 122 Corticosteroids, 7, 70, 71 Craniotomy, 180 D Dacryocystectomy, 131, 136 Dacryocystitis, 127, 128, 131, 136 acute, chronic adult dacryocystitis, 127 external dacryocystorhinostomy, 127, 128 clinical presentation, complications, definition, 125 evaluation, 126 organisms, 126 technique dacryocystectomy, 131, 136 lacrimal abscess, 136 treatment, 137 Decongestants, 80 Dog bites, E Endogenous endophthalmitis (EE), 186 causative organisms, 189, 190 clinical presentation, 192 infectious agent, 186 Endophthalmitis, 27, , 192, 196, 197 ancillary testing, 194 B-scan ultrasonography, 193, 194 causative organisms, 189, 190 classic presentation, 190 complications, 198 conjunctival injection, 190, 191 corneal edema, 190, 191 delayed-onset postoperative, 191 diagnosis and further evaluation, endogenous endophthalmitis causative organisms, 189, 190 clinical presentation, 192 infectious agent, 186 exogenous enophthalmitis acute post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis, 187 bleb-related endophthalmitis, 187 chronic post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis, 187 post-corneal transplantation endophthalmitis, 188 post-intravitreal injection endophthalmitis, 188, 189, 191 postoperative endophthalmitis, 186 post-traumatic endophthalmitis, 189, 191 follow-up, 198 hypopyon, 190, 191 prevention, 200 prognosis, 200 surgical therapy, symptoms and signs, 190, 191 Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS), 196 Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), 131, 132 Epidural abscess, 179 Erysipelas, 102 Ethmoid sinus, 2, 3 External dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), 127, 128 Eyelid edema, 14 F Fluoroquinolones, 5 Fractures, Fulminant variant, 103 Fungal orbital cellulitis, 71, 72, Aspergillosis, 149, 154 AIDS epidemic, 156 implications, 149 bony erosion, 154 definitive diagnosis, 154 histology, 72 hypointense mucosal inflammation, 154, 155 imaging studies, invasive orbital aspergillosis, 156, 157 invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis, 154 noninvasive variants, 154 orbital involvement, 154

3 Index 219 regular septated fungal hyphae, 154, 156 risk factors, 154 signs, 154 sino-orbital aspergillosis, 156 soft tissue masses, 154, 155 systemic voriconazole, 156 treatment, 154 Mucormycosis AmB, 153 bony destruction, 151, 152 causative fungi, 150 hematologic malignancy, 150 hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 153 maxillary and/or ethmoid sinuses, 150 mortality rates, 153 mucor hyphae, 151 nephrotoxicity, 153 nose and paranasal sinuses, 150 Posaconazole, 153 ROCM, 150, 153 sinus opacification, 151, 152 skin and nasal mucosa, 151 tissue necrosis, 150 G Gatifloxacin, 5 H Haemophilus influenzae vaccine, 5 Hospital-acquired infections (HAI), 140 Hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA), 69 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 153 I Infiltration, 29 Inflammatory optic neuropathy, Intracranial cerebral venous sinus system, 27 Intracranial complications anatomy, brain abscess, cerebritis, clinical presentation, 177 CST, epidural abscess, 179 etiology, 176 medical management, 177 meningitis, 181 subdural empyema, Intracranial penetration, 144 Intranasal corticosteroids, Intraorbital abscess, 11 Intraorbital wooden foreign bodies (IOrbWFBs), Intravenous amphotericin B (AmB), 153 Intravenous ampicillin-sulbactam (Unasyn), 145 Invasive fungal sinusitis (IFS), 149 Ipratropium bromide, 79 Ischemic optic neuropathy, 28 K Keratectomy, 213 L Laboratory risk indicator for diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC), 107 Lacrimal abscess, 136 Lacrimal drainage system, , , 131, 136, 137 anatomy, canaliculitis clinical presentation, 120, 121 evaluation, 121 treatment, 121, 122 canaliculotomy, dacryocystitis acute, chronic, 127, 131 clinical presentation, complications, dacryocystectomy, 131 definition, 125 evaluation, 126 lacrimal abscess, 136 organisms, 126 treatment, 137 Lamina papyracea, 29, 36 M Masquerade syndromes, 171 Maxillary sinus, 2, 3 Medical therapy intravitreal antibiotics, 195 intravitreal/periocular steroids, 196 systemic antibiotics, 194 topical pharmacotherapy, 196 Meningitis, 181 Motility restriction, 14 Moxifloxacin, 5 Mucoceles, 30 Mucolytics, 79

4 220 Index Mucormycetes, 15 Mucormycosis, 15 AmB, 153 bony destruction, 151, 152 causative fungi, 150 hematologic malignancy, 150 hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 153 maxillary and/or ethmoid sinuses, 150 mortality rates, 153 mucor hyphae, 151 nephrotoxicity, 153 nose and paranasal sinuses, 150 posaconazole, 153 ROCM, 150, 153 sinus opacification, 151, 152 tissue necrosis, 150 N Nasal decongestants, 70 Necrotizing fasciitis (NF), massive swelling, 113 debridement, 114 demographics, 100 differential diagnosis, etiology and predisposing factors, extensive soft tissue swelling, 113, 114 eyelid contour and mild scar, 116, 117 granulation tissue formation, 115, 116 management evaluation, medical treatment, surgical treatment, 105, minor residual wounds, 116, 117 necrotic wound edges, 115 palpation, 113, 114 pathogenesis, 100 pathogens, periorbital NF, prognosis, reduced wound swelling, 115, 116 secondary healing and wound closure, 115, 116 signs and symptoms, synonyms, 99 Nephrotoxicity, 153 NF. See Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) Nonspecific orbital inflammation, 102 O Ophthalmoplegia, 18 Optic neuropathy infiltration, 29 inflammatory optic neuropathy, ischemic optic neuropathy, 28 orbital apex syndrome, 30 papilledema, 27 Oral ampicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), 145 Oral antibiotics, Oral corticosteroids, 78 Orbital abscess, 11, 12, 18 Orbital apex syndrome (OAS), 30 Orbital cellulitis, 13 17, 39 44, 46 51, , anatomic relationship, antibiotic treatment, 65 bacterial, in cancer patients anatomical changes, cancer-related immunosuppression, clinical examination findings, evaluation, Masquerade syndromes, 171 organisms implication, progression, treatment, classification, 2, 37 clinical history, 12 complications cavernous sinus thrombosis, 47 cerebritis, 49, 51 dural sinus thrombosis, 49 epidural abscess/subdural empyema, 49 infectious aneurysm, meningitis, 49, 50 subperiosteal abscess, 46 computed tomography eyelid swelling, 39, 40 headaches and forehead swelling, 41, 42 intraconal fat, 40, 41 SOV, 43, 44 with congested eye and inflamed eyelid, 2 corticosteroids, 7 definition, 1 devastating neurological complications, 102 diagnosis, 1, 2 differential diagnosis, 13 epidemiology, 4 ethmoid sinusitis, 67, 69 etiology, 3 orbital fungal infections, postsurgical, 14 posttraumatic, 13 secondary, 16, 17 sinusitis, 14, 15

5 Index 221 evaluation and management enucleation, evisceration, 212, 213 extraocular muscle attachments, 212 implant placement, symptoms, 211 vitreous culture, 211 vitritis and conjunctival injection, 212 eyelid edema, 17 fungal, H. influenzae vaccine, 67 heparin, 66 imaging studies, 18, 19 laboratory testing, 18, 19 large superior orbital abscess, 67, 68 magnetic resonance imaging, 45 maxillary and ethmoid sinuses, 2, 3 medical management, 4 6 medical treatment, metronidazole, 66 monitoring patients, nasal vasoconstrictors, 66 PCV-7, 67 physical examination, 18 plain films, 38 sinus lavage, 66 stages of infection, 12 surgical management, 6 7 systemic complications, 11 ultrasound, Orbital complications, 80 Orbital infection. See also Orbital cellulitis clinical manifestation, 13 fungal, Orbital soft tissue involvement, 18 Orbital-cerebral phycomycosis, 71 Osseous complications, 80 P Panophthalmitis, 199, 200 Papilledema, 27 Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), 197 Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP), 140 Periorbita/periostea, 29 Periorbital cellulitis, classification, 37 computed tomography eyelid swelling, 39, 40 headaches and forehead swelling, 41, 42 intraconal fat, 40, 41 SOV, 43, 44 magnetic resonance imaging, 45 organisms, 37 plain films, 38 ultrasound, 38 Periorbital/orbital subperiosteal hematomas, 103 Pneumococcal vaccine (PCV-7), 67 Post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis, 187 Post-corneal transplantation endophthalmitis, 188 Post-intravitreal injection endophthalmitis, Postoperative endophthalmitis (POE), 186 Postseptal cellulitis. See Orbital cellulitis Postsurgical orbital cellulitis, 14 Post-traumatic endophthalmitis, 189 Posttraumatic orbital cellulitis, 13 Preseptal cellulitis. See also Periorbital cellulitis clinical history, 12 hematogenous and posterior spread, 11 vs. orbital, 12 physical examination, 18 stage I patients, 12 Prophylactic antibiotics, 140 Proptosis, 14, 17, 18 R Recurrent acute rhinosinusitis (RARS), 76 Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), 104 Retinopathy, 26 Retinovascular occlusion, 26 Rhinocerebral mucormycosis, 29 Rhino-orbital mucormycosis, 103 Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis(rocm), 150 S Saline irrigations, 77 Secondary orbital cellulitis, 16, 17 Sinonasal inflammation, 75 Sinus obstruction, 56 Sinusitis, 14, 15 Sinusitis-related orbital cellulitis dual-therapy intravenous antibiotics, 56 frontal and maxillary sinus cavities, 57 pathogens, 59, 60 SPA. See Subperiosteal abscess (SPA) Stretch optic neuropathy, 30 Subdural empyema,

6 222 Index Subperiosteal abscess (SPA), 11, blanket approach, 62 complication, 1 CT, 2, 56 group A β-hemolytic streptococcus, 60 group III classification, 2 intracranial extension, 60, 61 morbidity, 56 mortality, 56 MRSA, orbital congestion, 11 pathogenesis, 59, 60 physical examination, 18 stage III patients, 12 Streptococcus anginosus group, 60 superior and inferior extension, 60, 61 surgical criteria, 58 surgical management, 6 combined endoscopic approach, 96 complications, 96 endoscopic approach, 95 evaluation, external skin approach, 93, 94 inferior transconjunctival incision, 93 location, 90 minimal endoscopic approach, 96 modified Lynch incision, 92, 93 orbital abscess, 96 otolaryngology Involvement, 92 subciliary incision, 93 superolateral brow incision, 93 surgical drainage, 91, 92 transcaruncular approach, transcaruncular incision, 93 transconjunctival approach, 94 treatment, in children, 7 Superficial avascular musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), 100 Superior ophthalmic vein (SOV), 43 Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP), 140 Systemic deterioration, 104 Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), 103 T Toxic shock syndrome, 104 Transnasal endoscopy, 7 Traumatic foreign body, Traumatic orbital cellulitis, V Visual loss, anterior segment, 25 choroidopathy, 26 cortical involvement, 31 mechanisms, 24, 25 optic chiasm and tract, 31 optic neuropathy compressive optic neuropathy, infiltration, 29 inflammatory optic neuropathy, ischemic optic neuropathy, 28 orbital apex syndrome, 30 papilledema, 27 retinopathy, 26 W Wound infection, 146