7. Anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system. Harmonic and disharmonic vestibular syndrome.

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3 7. Anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system. Harmonic and disharmonic vestibular syndrome. 8. Fundamental examination tools of otoneurology. 20. Ménière s syndrome and Ménière s disease. Therapeutic options. 21. Differential diagnosis of BPPV, vestibular neuronitis and Ménière s disease.

4 Labyrinth Vestibular nerve Vestibular nuclei Vestibular pathways Vestibulocerebellar Vestibulospinal Vestibuloocular Vestibuloreticular Cortical, hippocampal pathways

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7 Ear drum examination Hearing tests Pure tone audiometry Vestibular system tests Statokinetic (vestibulospinal) Spontaneous nystagmus (vestibulo-ocular reflex tests) Positional nystagmus tests Head impulse test Vestibular provocation tests: Optokinetic tests Caloric irrigation tests Rotational tests

8 Previous diseases: heart diseases, blood-pressure, renal failures, drugs, ear diseases, neurological diseases, neck vertebra problems Types of vertigo: rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness, lightheadedness, imbalance Length of vertigo: seconds, minutes, hours, days, constant dizziness Single recurrent attacks Concomitant symptoms: hearing loss, tinnitus, discharge from ear, nausea, vomitus, loss of consciousness, headache

9 Horisontal Vertical Rotatory Horisontorotatory Verticorotatory Retraction

10 Romberg s test Past pointing tests Blind walking test

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12 Patient history: Type of vertigo (sensation of spinning or falling); Vegetative symptoms, nausea, vomiting. Examination: deviation, tilting; spontaneous nystagmus and nystagmus provoked by head movements. Minimum criteria for the ENT exam - essential ENT knowledge for a physician

13 Torsional (Causse)-latero-retroflexion of the neck Positional and positioning nystagmus Dix-Hallpike manouvre

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15 More than 24 hours long severe vertigo with nausea, vomitus, motion intolerance, balance disorder and nystagmus. 1. Vestibular neuronitis 2. Stroke Differential diagnosis: head impulse test in the ED

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17 Not a specific diagnosis! Rotatory vertigo with sudden onset Nystagmus, vomitus, sometimes tinnitus Peripheral or central origin True Meniere s disease Other inner ear disorders Vascular lesions of brainstem or inner ear

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21 Vestibular neurectomy III. Stadium Intratympanal gentamycin Saccotomy Vasoactive drugs, intratympanal dexametasone II. Stadium Parenteral vasoactive drugs Betahistine, salt-free diet, saluretics I. Stadium

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24 Head Diseases Lenth of attacks position Hearing loss influence Ménière s disease Hours NO YES Vestibular neuronitis Days NO NO BPPV Seconds, but YES NO recurrent

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26 14. Differentiation of central and peripheral facial nerve palsy. Causes of peripheral facial nerve palsy, differential diagnosis.

27 No wrinkles on face, on forehead No eye-closure, Bell s phenomenon No movements on face Nasolabial assymmetry Lacrimation or dry eye Hyperacusia, Tasting disorder

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29 Herpes eruptions in the auricle Sensorineural hearing loss Vertigo Facial palsy

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31 Bell s palsy; Herpes zoster oticus; Other viral or bacterial infections (HSV, EBV, Lyme); Acute and chronic middle ear diseases (acute and chronic middle ear infections, cholesteatoma, rarely tumors); Tumors of the pontocerebellar angle, vestibular schwannoma; Cranial traumas (pyramid bone fractures), extratemporal traumas; Malignant tumors of parotid gland. Minimum criteria for the ENT exam - essential ENT knowledge for a physician

32 Otoscopy Audiometry, tympanometry, stapedial reflex Imaging methods (Schüller, CT, MR) Parotid gland palpation (ultrasonography) Blood tests (diabetes!), blood pressure Topical diagnosis n. petrosus- lacrimation -Shirmer teszt n. stapedius-hyperacusis- stapedial reflex chorda tympani tasting disorders- gustometria Electrodiagnostic tests

33 Casual therapy in secondary palsies Corticosteroid and antiviral treatment in Bell s palsy. In every palsy case: Psychical support of patients Ophthalmological control (keratitis) Covering the eye-ball, eyedrops Electrotherapy, selective stimulation of the nerve or the muscles to prevent atrophy. In the recovery stadium -active movement.

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36 Primary headaches Migraine, tension headache, cluster headache, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania Secondary headaches Headaches due to neurological reasons: Posttraumatic, vascular, infectious headaches, metabolic headaches Otolaryngological and ophthalmological headaches Neuralgias

37 Outer and middle ear diseases Diseases of nasal and paranasal sinuses Nasopharyngeal diseases

38 13. Complications of purulent acute and chronic otitis media. 34. Complications of sinusitis. 35. Benign and malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses. Principles of treatment. 38. Diseases of the nasopharynx. Symptoms adenoid hyperplasia.

39 Viral infection of the upper airways; Inflammation of nasal sinuses: (acute and chronic); Benign and malignant tumors of nasal sinuses; Cervical: cervical vertebra disorders, spondylosis, myalgia; Complications of otitis and sinusitis: mastoiditis, meningitis, brain abscess, inflammation of the petrous pyramid; Neuralgias; Pain of temporomandibular joint. Minimum criteria for the ENT exam - essential ENT knowledge for a physician

40 Temporomandibular joint disorders (Costen syndrome): Unilateral headache, earache, chewing problems

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43 Mastoiditis Subperiosteal abscess Labyrinthitis Peripheral facial palsy Thrombosis of sigmoideal sinus Petrositis Meningitis Brain abscess

44 Extracranial Intratemporal Acute mastoiditis; Zygomaticitis; Petrositis; Facial nerve palsy; Labyrinthitis; Extratemporal Abscess: subperiosteal, preauricular, suboccipital, Bezold's abscess; Intracranial Extradural abscess; Sinus phlebitis - sinus thrombosis; Subdural abscess; Meningitis, encephalitis; Brain abscess; General: sepsis. Minimum criteria for the ENT exam - essential ENT knowledge for a physician

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46 Frontal sinusitis forehead; Maxillary sinusitis face; Ethmoidal sinusitis periorbitally, between the eyes; Sphenoid sinusitis crown of the head, referring to the occipital area; All forms of sinusitis can cause diffuse headache. Minimum criteria for the ENT exam - essential ENT knowledge for a physician

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49 Orbital cellulitis Orbital abscess Osteomyelitis Thrombophlebitis of cavernosal sinus Meningitis Brain-abscess

50 Extracranial complications Periorbital cellulitis; Subperiosteal abscess; Orbital phlegmone / abscess; Osteomyelitis; Sepsis; Intracranial complications Meningitis; Epi/subdural or brain abscess, encephalitis; Cavernous sinus thrombosis. Minimum criteria for the ENT exam - essential ENT knowledge for a physician

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Migraine, tension headache, cluster headache, chronic paroxysmal hemicrania

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