Management of Acute Kidney Problems

Transcription

1 Management of Acute Kidney Problems Bearbeitet von Achim Jörres, Claudio Ronco, John A Kellum 1st Edition Buch. xxxvi, 678 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 19,3 x 26 cm Gewicht: 1862 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Medizin > Sonstige Medizinische Fachgebiete > Anästhesiologie Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents Part I Definition and Classification of Acute Kidney Failure 1.1 Definition and Classification of Acute Kidney Injury Vijay Karajala and John A. Kellum Introduction What Is Acute Kidney Injury? Current Controversies Renal Failure or Renal Success Oliguria and Anuria Prerenal Azotemia and Acute Tubular Necrosis Limitations of Biomarkers Renal Failure Defined by RIFLE Criteria The Concept of Acute Kidney Injury: A Paradigm Shift Validation Studies Using RIFLE Conceptual Development and Future Directions Conclusions References Part II Overview of Pathophysiology, Etiology and Epidemiology 2.1 Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury and Repair Joseph V. Bonventre Introduction Injury Inflammation Paracrine Effects of Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cells Other Mechanisms to Limit or Stop Inflammation Repair Conclusions References Uremic Toxins Griet Glorieux, Wim Van Biesen, Norbert Lameire, and Raymond Vanholder Introduction Interfering Factors Due to Renal Replacement Therapy Biochemical Alterations ix

3 x Contents Factors Responsible for the Uremic Syndrome Major Low-Molecular-Weight Uremic Retention Products Middle Molecules Factors Influencing Plasma Concentration of Uremic Solutes Conclusions and Therapeutic Implications References Prerenal Acute Kidney Failure Eric A. J. Hoste Introduction Pathophysiology Causes of Prerenal Acute Kidney Failure Diagnosis of Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury Epidemiology of Prerenal Acute Kidney Failure References Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury Norbert Lameire Epidemiology of AKI in the ICU Focusing on Non-ATN Etiologies Clinical Evaluation of the Critically Ill Patient with AKI Summary of General Therapeutic Principles of AKI in the ICU References Urinary Tract Obstruction Angela D Angelo and Dorella Del Prete Introduction Causes of Obstruction Renal Damage Induced by Urinary Tract Obstructions Clinical Signs Diagnostic Approach Instrumental Diagnostics Radiologic Investigations Renal Function After the Removal of an Obstruction Treatment References Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury Tariq Ali and Paul Roderick History Incidence Outcomes Summary References

4 Contents xi 2.7 Economic Impact of Acute Kidney Failure Joseph F. Dasta and Sandra L. Kane-Gill Quantifying Costs in the Intensive Care Unit Overview of Studies Reporting Costs Associated with Acute Kidney Injury Clinical Studies of Costs Associated with AKI Take Home Pearls References Part III Diagnostic Evaluation and Procedures 3.1 Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation Robert J. Anderson Objectives to Understand Introduction Presenting Manifestations of AKI Causes of AKI Evaluation of AKI Summary References Kidney Function Tests and Urinalysis Sean M. Bagshaw Objectives to Understand Introduction Overview of Kidney Function Assessment of Kidney Function Summary References Renal Ultrasound Vicki E. Noble, Andrew Liteplo, and David F. M. Brown Introduction Ultrasound Basics Anatomy Scanning Techniques Applications Summary References Management of Acute Kidney Problems: Indications for Renal Biopsy in Acute Renal Disease Alan D. Salama Introduction Renal Biopsy in Acute Renal Failure Complications of Biopsies Biopsy Processing and Adequacy

5 xii Contents Conclusions Take Home Pearls References Part IV Prevention and Conservative Therapy of Acute Kidney Failure 4.1 Volume Resuscitation and Management Jean-Louis Vincent and Barbara Ceradini Introduction Risk of Hypervolemia Potential Errors in Fluid Management in the Patient with, or at Risk of, Acute Renal Failure How to Assess Fluid Status? Types of Fluids Conclusion Take Home Pearls References Management of Electrolyte Disorders Michael Oppert Sodium Potassium Calcium Phosphate Conclusions References Acid Base Balance John A. Kellum Introduction The Henderson Hasselbalch Equation Water and Physical Chemistry Strong Ions Regulation of Plasma Strong Ion Difference Pathophysiology of Strong Ion Imbalance Weak Acids Unmeasured Anions Conclusions References Monitoring and Management of Systemic Hemodynamics Non Wajanaponsan and Michael R. Pinsky Epidemiology Renal Hemodynamic Management Perspective Renal Perfusion Pressure Hemodynamic Management and Resuscitation

6 Contents xiii Evaluation for Preload Responsiveness Vasopressor Treatment Inotropic Therapy Improve Patient Outcome with Optimizing Oxygen Delivery Conclusion References Treatment of Anemia Annette Beyea and Howard L. Corwin References Metabolic Alterations and Nutrition in AKI Wilfred Druml Introduction The Metabolic Environment and Nutritional Requirements in Patients with AKI Energy Metabolism and Energy Requirements Carbohydrate Metabolism Lipid Metabolism Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism/Protein Requirements Metabolism and Requirements of Micronutrients Electrolytes Metabolic Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy Nutrient Administration Enteral Nutrition (Tube Feeding) Parenteral Nutrition Complications of Nutritional Support Conclusions References Glucose, Insulin, and the Kidney Miet Schetz, Ilse Vanhorebeek, Jan Gunst, and Greet Van den Berghe Introduction Hyperglycemia and Insulin Resistance in the Critically Ill Carbohydrate Metabolism and Transport in the Kidney Diabetic Nephropathy Adverse Effects of Acute Hyperglycemia in the Critically Ill Tight Glycemic Control with Intensive Insulin Therapy in Acute Illness Tight Glycemic Control with Intensive Insulin Therapy and Acute Kidney Injury

7 xiv Contents Possible Mechanisms of Renoprotection by TGC Conclusion (Take Home Message) References Bleeding and Hemostasis Herwig Gerlach and Susanne Toussaint Basics of Hemostasis The Vascular Endothelium as Central Regulator of Hemostasis Physiologic Anticoagulation and Fibrinolysis Bleeding Disorders in Acute Care Patients Thromboembolic Disorders Sepsis-Associated Hemostatic Disorders Take Home Pearls References Neurological Problems Raf Brouns and Peter Paul De Deyn Introduction Central Nervous System Complications Peripheral Nervous System Complications Conclusion References Gastrointestinal Complications of Acute Kidney Injury Susie Q. Lew, Marie L. Borum, and Todd S. Ing Introduction Uremic Fetor, Dysgeusia, Anorexia, Dyspepsia, Hiccups, Nausea, and Vomiting Stomatitis and Salivary Gland Inflammation Uremic Lesions in the Alimentary Tract Gastritis Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Diseases of the Small Intestines Diseases of the Colon Pancreatic Complications Hepatic Disease Cholecystitis Acid Base and Electrolyte Abnormalities Summary References Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Kidney Injury W. Van Biesen and R. Vanholder Introduction Differential Diagnosis of Acute Cardiorenal Dysfunction

8 Contents xv Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Kidney Injury Conclusion References Acute Kidney Injury: Specific Interventions and Drugs John R. Prowle and Rinaldo Bellomo Introduction Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Nephrotoxins Specific Interventions for AKI Secondary Prevention and Treatment of AKI Specific Situations Take Home Pearls References Drug Dosing in Acute Kidney Injury and During Renal Replacement Therapy A. Mary Vilay and Bruce A. Mueller Drug Dosing in Acute Kidney Injury and During Renal Replacement Therapy Take Home Pearls References Anesthesia in Patients with Kidney Failure Dinah Jörres and Achim Jörres Introduction Preoperative Evaluation Postoperative Management Prevention of Perioperative Acute Kidney Failure Management of High-Risk Patients Take Home Pearls References Part V Long-Term Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury 5.1 Long-Term Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury Michael Joannidis and Philipp G.H. Metnitz Introduction ICU and Hospital Mortality Factors Predicting Hospital Survival Long-Term Prognosis Recovery of Renal Function Quality of Life Conclusion References

9 xvi Contents Part VI Diagnosis and Management of Specific Disorders 6.1 Acute Kidney Injury in Sepsis Robert W. Schrier, Shweta Bansal, and Wei Wang Hemodynamics and Hormones During Sepsis and Acute Kidney Injury Sodium and Water Balance During Sepsis Early Renal Vasoconstriction in Septic AKI Role of Oxygen Radicals and Cytokines in Renal Tubular and Vascular Injury During Sepsis Prospective Randomized Clinical Studies in Sepsis Take Home Pearls References Kidney in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock Vijay Karajala and John A. Kellum Introduction Brief Review of Renal Neurohormonal Regulation Clinical Aspects in the Management of AHFS and Cardiogenic Shock Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiogenic Shock and its Effects on Renal Function Role of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Cardiogenic Shock Take Home Pearls References Acute Kidney Problems in Congestive Heart Failure Andrew Davenport Introduction Congestive Heart Failure Cardiorenal Syndrome Deterioration in Renal Function During Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Risk of Rhabdomyolysis with Statins Cholesterol Embolization Radiocontrast Nephropathy Special Circumstances Take Home Pearls References Hepatorenal Syndrome Dietrich Hasper and Thomas Berg Definition Pathophysiology

10 Contents xvii Diagnosis Treatment Take Home Pearls References Malignant Hypertension Bert-Jan H. van den Born and Gert A. van Montfrans Introduction Histopathologic Findings Pathophysiology Epidemiology Clinical Perspectives Management Take Home Pearls References Toxic Nephropathy Due to Drugs and Poisons Pieter Evenepoel Introduction Pathophysiologic Mechanisms Common Nephrotoxins Conclusion Take Home Pearls References Toxic Nephropathy Due to Radiocontrast Media Peter A. McCullough Definition of Toxic Nephropathy After Iodinated Contrast Medium Consensus Statements on Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Pathophysiology Classes of Iodinated Contrast Importance of Volume Expansion Dialysis and Hemofiltration Pharmacologic Prophylaxis Follow-Up Biomarkers for Contrast-Induced AKI Future Approaches Take Home Pearls References Acute Glomerulonephritis, Vasculitis, and Pulmonary Renal Syndrome Jai Prakash Introduction Causes of ARF Due to Glomerulonephritis/Vasculitis

11 xviii Contents Causes of ARF Due to Glomerulonephritis Acute Renal Failure in Vasculitis Pathogenesis of ARF in Glomerulonephritis/Vasculitis Clinical Features Acute Renal Failure in Patients with Underlying Glomerulonephritis Acute Renal Failure Complicating Nephrotic Syndrome Treatment and Prognosis of Glomerulonephritis/ Vasculitis Associated Acute Renal Failure The Pulmonary Renal Syndromes Take Home Pearls References Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome/ Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Marina Noris, Miriam Galbusera, and Giuseppe Remuzzi Introduction Acquired Forms Genetic (TMA Associated with Congenital Defects) Idiopathic Treatment Guidelines Future Directions Take Home Pearls References Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis David J. Border and Richard J. Baker Background Historical Epidemiology Clinical Features Etiology Pathogenesis Histology Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Take Home Pearls References Myoglobinuric Acute Kidney Failure Mehmet Sükrü Sever and Raymond Vanholder Introduction Etiology and Pathogenesis Clinical Findings Laboratory Findings Prognosis

12 Contents xix Prophylaxis Treatment Take Home Pearls References Tropical Infections and Acute Kidney Injury Rashad S. Barsoum Introduction Pathogenetic Mechanisms Clinical Characteristics Diagnosis Management Take Home Pearls References AIDS and Acute Kidney Failure Hassane Izzedine Epidemiology: Incidence and Risk Factors Causes Intrinsic Renal Failure Underlying Mechanisms Conclusion Take Home Pearls References Acute Kidney Injury in Oncological Disorders and Tumor Lysis Syndrome Claudio Ronco Introduction Negative Impact of AKI on Prognosis for Cancer Patients Causes of AKI in Cancer Patients Conclusions Take Home Pearls References Kidney Failure Following Cardiovascular Surgery Michael Haase and Anja Haase-Fielitz Introduction Epidemiology and Outcome Risk Factors Pathomechanisms Prevention Treatment Summary Take Home Pearls References

13 xx Contents 6.16 Burns and Acute Kidney Failure Filippo Mariano, Ezio Nicola Gangemi, Daniela Bergamo, Zsuzsanna Hollo, Maurizio Stella, and Giorgio Triolo Introduction Pathophysiology of Burns Renal and Electrolyte Abnormalities Acute Renal Failure Renal Replacement Therapy in Burn Patients Take Home Pearls References Acute Kidney Transplant Failure Ralf Schindler Introduction Clinical Approach and Diagnostic Procedures Take Home Pearls References Acute Kidney Failure During Pregnancy and Postpartum Duska Dragun and Michael Haase Introduction and Scope Diagnosis Preeclampsia/Eclampsia/HELLP Syndrome Thrombotic Microangiopathies SLE and Antiphospholipid Syndrome Sepsis Therapeutic Principles Prenatal and Obstetric Management Take Home Pearls References Acute Kidney Failure in Children Michael Zappitelli and Stuart L. Goldstein Introduction Epidemiology Etiology and Diagnosis Treatment Specific Patient Populations Outcome Take Home Pearls References Part VII Temporary Replacement of Kidney Function 7.1 Indications to Start Kidney Replacement Therapy Nathalie Neirynck and An S. De Vriese Introduction Electrolyte Disorders

14 Contents xxi Acid Base Disorders Fluid Management Azotemia Conclusion References Principles of Extracorporeal Therapy: Haemodialysis, Haemofiltration and Haemodiafiltration Mathavakkannan Suresh and Ken Farrington Introduction A Brief History of Dialysis Physiological Principles Membrane and Dialysers Dialysis Fluid The Dialysis Machine Anticoagulation Haemodialysis/Filtration Techniques Adequacy of Dialysis Take Home Pearls References Membranes for Dialysis and Hemofiltration Detlef H. Krieter and Christoph Wanner Introduction Classification of Dialysis Membranes Dialysis Membrane Materials Dialysis Membrane Biocompatibility Dialysis Membrane Biocompatibility and Clinical Outcome Dialysis Membrane Permeability and Clinical Outcome Dialysis Membrane Requirements in Acute Renal Failure Future Trends in Dialysis Membranes: The Bioartificial Kidney Take Home Pearls References Dialysates and Substitution Fluids Isabelle Plamondon and Martine Leblanc Introduction Fluids for CRRT Choice of Buffer Citrate Anticoagulation Influence of CRRT Prescription Temperature High Volume Hemofiltration Take Home Pearls References

15 xxii Contents 7.5 Intermittent Hemodialysis Christophe Vinsonneau and Mourad Benyamina Introduction Operational Characteristics of IHD Advantages and Limits Different Modalities Specificity of IHD Use in ICU Preferential Indication for IHD Take Home Pearls References Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies Shigehiko Uchino and Claudio Ronco Introduction Historical Review CRRT Techniques and Nomenclature Indications and Timing of Starting CRRT Nonrenal Indications of CRRT Complications/Problems CRRT Versus IRRT Take Home Pearls References Extended Daily Dialysis Danilo Fliser and Jan T. Kielstein Extended Dialy Dialysis: Back to the Roots of Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients What Led to the Revival of EDD in the ICU? Clinical Experience with EDD Therapy of Critically Ill Patients with AKI Quantifying the Dose of EDD and Survival with EDD Technical Modifications of the EDD Technique The Genius Batch Dialysis System Removal of Drugs and Toxins Economic Considerations EDD: The Hybrid Approach in Terms of Techniques and Specialties Summary and Outlook Take Home Pearls References Quantifying the Dose of Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy Zaccaria Ricci and Claudio Ronco Introduction Meaning and Different Approaches to RRT Dose RRT Dose Adequacy: Does It Exist?

16 Contents xxiii RRT Dose Delivery: Continuous, Intermittent, Hybrid Conclusions Take Home Pearls References Anticoagulation for Acute Dialysis Andrew Davenport Introduction Summary Take Home Pearls References Vascular Access for Acute Dialysis Bernard Canaud, Leila Chenine, Delphine Henriet, and Hélène Leray-Moragués Introduction How to Choose a CVC for Acute Dialysis? How to Insert, Care and Manage a Dialysis CVC? How to Evaluate and to Improve Dialysis CVC Performances? How to Improve CVC Outcomes in Intensive Care Unit Setting? Conclusion Take Home Pearls References Principles and Practice of Acute Peritoneal Dialysis Wai-Kei Lo, Sing-Leung Lui, and Terence Pok-Siu Yip Introduction Advantage of PD for ARF Disadvantages of PD Outcome of Using PD in Acute Renal Failure Forms of PD Available Types of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters for Acute Peritoneal Dialysis Implantation Technique of Cuffed Silicone PD Catheters The Peritoneal Dialysate The Dialysis Prescription Complications of Acute Peritoneal Dialysis Take Home Pearls Appendix References

17 xxiv Contents 7.12 Choosing a Therapy Modality for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy Achim Jörres and Dinah Jörres Introduction The Evidence-Base : Clinical Studies Comparing Outcomes of CRRT and IRRT The Clinical Choice of Treatment Modalities Diffusive Versus Convective Treatment Strategies Take Home Pearls References Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy in Children Jordan M. Symons Introduction Peritoneal Dialysis Intermittent Hemodialysis Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Summary/Conclusions Take Home Pearls References Stopping Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy Josée Bouchard, Roy Mathew, and Ravindra L. Mehta Introduction Take Home Pearls References Part VIII Extracorporeal Therapies for Nonrenal Indications 8.1 Extracorporeal Therapies and Immunomodulation During Sepsis Jörg C. Schefold and Achim Jörres Introduction The Immunopathogenesis of Sepsis: A Role for an Extracorporeal Intervention? Continuous Renal Replacement Techniques and EBT in Sepsis High-Volume Hemofiltration

18 Contents xxv High Cutoff Dialysis/Hemofiltration and High-Flux Dialysis Plasmapheresis/Plasma Separation Adsorption: Hemoperfusion and Plasma Separation/Adsorption Direct Hemoperfusion/Adsorption Coupled Plasma Filtration Adsorption Plasma Filtration/Selective Adsorption Conclusions Take Home Pearls References Extracorporeal Liver Support Gesine Pless and Igor Maximilian Sauer Introduction Artificial Liver Support Bioartificial Liver Support Discussion Take Home Pearls References Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs and Toxins James F. Winchester, Nikolas B. Harbord, Pallavi Tyagi, and Herman Rosen Introduction Criteria and Considerations for Extracorporeal Therapy Principles of Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs and Toxins Extracorporeal Modalities Hemodialysis Extracorporeal Modalities Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration Extracorporeal Modalities Hemoperfusion Extracorporeal Modalities Peritoneal Dialysis Extracorporeal Modalities Plasma Exchange and Exchange Transfusion Specific Drugs/Poisons Take Home Pearls References Subject Index