Cell and Molecular Biology of Plastids

Transcription

1 Topics in Current Genetics 19 Cell and Molecular Biology of Plastids Bearbeitet von Ralph Bock 1. Auflage Buch. xix, 524 S. ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 976 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Chemie, Biowissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften > Botanik > Pflanzenreproduktion, Verbreitung, Genetik Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Table of contents Plastid biogenesis and differentiation...1 Kevin Pyke...1 Abstract Introduction Proplastids The morphology and structure of different plastid types Chloroplast structure and morphology Amyloplast structure and morphology Chromoplast structure and morphology Leucoplasts and root plastids Other types of storage plastids The control of plastid differentiation Plastid interconversions Plastid division Stromules Conclusion...20 Acknowledgement...21 References...21 Structure, function, and inheritance of plastid genomes...29 Ralph Bock...29 Abstract Introduction Physical properties of plastid genomes Copy number of plastid genomes Organization of plastid genomes in nucleoids Structural conformations of plastid genomes Fine structure of plastid genomes Inverted repeats and single-copy regions Information content of plastid genomes Inheritance of plastid genomes Maternal inheritance Biparental inheritance Paternal inheritance Paternal leakage Biotechnological implications of plastid inheritance...52 Acknowledgement...53 References...53 List of abbreviations...63

3 X Table of contents DNA replication, recombination, and repair in plastids Anil Day and Panagiotis Madesis Abstract The importance of DNA replication, recombination, and repair pathways in plastids Proteins and DNA targets of plastid DNA-RRR pathways Plastid DNA polyploidy, packaging, and segregation Plastid DNA copy number Packaging of plastid DNA Segregation of plastid genomes Topological forms of plastid DNA Linear hairpin DNA molecules in plastids Linear plastid DNA molecules with discrete ends in WT plastids A replicon model for plastid genome maintenance Replication origins mapped to the large inverted repeat Replication origins located in the single copy regions Maintenance of small DNA molecules in plastids Deletion mapping delimits DNA sequences capable of self-replication in plastids A recombination-dependent DNA replication model of plastid DNA DNA recombination in plastids Integration of foreign genes by homologous recombination Homologous recombination between short DNA repeats Recombination and plastid genome stability Homeologous recombination in plastids Replication slippage in plastids DNA repair in plastids Identification of proteins involved in plastid DNA RRR-pathways Plastid DNA polymerases DNA primase activities in plastids Plastid localised RecA DNA topoisomerases DNA helicases Identifying DNA-RRR proteins by complementation of E. coli mutants Conclusions and outlook Acknowledgement References List of abbreviations Transcription and transcriptional regulation in plastids Karsten Liere and Thomas Börner Abstract Introduction RNA polymerases

4 Table of contents XI 2.1 NEP: nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase PEP: plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase Plastidial Promoters NEP promoters PEP promoters Internal promoters of trnas Regulation of transcription in plastids Role of multiple and diverse promoters Transcription factors involved in promoter recognition in plastids Exogenous and endogenous factors controlling plastidial transcription Acknowledgement References Processing, degradation, and polyadenylation of chloroplast transcripts Thomas J. Bollenbach, Gadi Schuster, Victoria Portnoy, and David B. Stern Abstract Introduction The enzymes of RNA degradation and maturation Endoribonucleases Exoribonucleases Polyadenylation Historical perspective on polyadenylation The polyadenylation-stimulated degradation pathway in bacteria PNPase as the major polyadenylating enzyme: variations from E. coli Polyadenylation in the chloroplast RNA maturation end maturation Intercistronic processing Non-coding RNAs Regulatory factors Mutations affecting single chloroplast loci Pleiotropic mutations The PPR/TPR protein superfamilies Conclusions Acknowledgements References RNA splicing and RNA editing in chloroplasts Christian Schmitz-Linneweber and Alice Barkan Abstract Introduction Plastid RNA splicing...213

5 XII Table of contents 2.1 Intron classes and splicing mechanisms Intron distribution Proteins involved in the splicing of chloroplast introns The regulation of chloroplast RNA splicing Perspective Plastid RNA editing Editing sites impact protein function Mechanism of RNA editing cis-elements involved in plastid RNA editing trans-factors involved in plastid RNA editing Models for the editosome Function and evolution of plastid RNA editing Perspectives Acknowledgement References Translation and translational regulation in chloroplasts Hadas Peled-Zehavi and Avihai Danon Abstract Introduction Chloroplast translation machinery Mechanisms of translation initiation Translation initiation regulation intricate interplay between cis- and trans-acting elements Cis-elements in chloroplast 5 UTRs Structural elements in 5 UTRs General and specific translation factors Multiple proteins interact with single mrna Translation regulation examples Translation regulation of D1 synthesis Negative feedback loops: assembly-controlled regulation of translation Regulation of translation elongation Interactions of 5 and 3 ends of chloroplast mrna Subchloroplast location of translation Concluding remarks Acknowledgement References Assembly of protein complexes in plastids Eira Kanervo, Marjaana Suorsa, and Eva-Mari Aro Abstract Introduction Assembly of the protein complexes Assembly of PSII Assembly of the PSI complex

6 Table of contents XIII 2.3 Assembly of the Cyt b 6 f complex Assembly of soluble complexes Insertion of proteins to the thylakoid membrane - thylakoid translocase complexes and chaperones Thylakoid translocases Chaperones Posttranslational modifications of chloroplast proteins N-terminal methionine excision Protein phosphorylation Concluding remarks Acknowledgements References Protein stability and degradation in plastids Zach Adam Abstract Introduction Major chloroplast proteases Clp protease FtsH protease Lon protease Deg protease Intramembrane proteases Proteolytic processes in chloroplasts and the enzymes involved Maturation of pre-proteins Adaptation to changing light intensities Protein quality control Oxidatively damaged proteins Other functions Nutrient stress and senescence Thermotolerance Identification of specific substrates Determinants of protein instability Future prospects Acknowledgement References Protein import into plastids Birgit Agne and Felix Kessler Abstract Plastids Plastid biogenesis Chloroplast targeting signals Structure of transit peptides Energy requirements of in vitro chloroplast protein import Precursor protein recognition at the chloroplast surface...341

7 XIV Table of contents 3.2 The early translocation intermediate The late translocation intermediate Identification of components of the translocation machinery Components of the Toc complex Components of the Tic complex Regulation at the Toc and Tic complexes GTP-regulated protein recognition at the Toc complex Regulation by phosphorylation Redox-regulation Calcium/calmodulin regulation Functional specialization in the general import pathway Plastid protein import mutants and phenotypes Expression patterns of Toc GTPases Biochemical evidence for functional specialization of chloroplast import receptors Substrate specificity of Toc-GTPase sub-pathways Toc/Tic independent alternative import pathways into the chloroplast Import depending on internal targeting sequences Substrate dependent import Protein import via the secretory pathway Acknowledgements References Insights into chloroplast proteomics: from basic principles to new horizons371 Bianca Naumann and Michael Hippler Abstract The art of proteomics Prerequisite for biomolecular mass spectrometry: MALDI and ESI Ionization Peptide mass finger printing and tandem mass spectrometry Database searching De Novo sequencing Linking database searching and de novo sequencing Strategies for the analysis of proteome dynamics Proteomics of the chloroplast and its compartments Envelope membranes Stroma and chloroplast ribosome Thylakoid membrane Thylakoid lumen Comparative proteomics Plant and chloroplast development Biotic stress Abiotic stress Conclusion Acknowledgement

8 Table of contents XV References List of abbreviations Plastid-nucleus communication: anterograde and retrograde signalling in the development and function of plastids Katharina Bräutigam, Lars Dietzel, and Thomas Pfannschmidt Abstract Introduction Major problems of coordination and communication between plastids and nucleus Tissue specificity of plastid development The gene copy number problem Integration of plastid responses within the cell Anterograde signalling The nuclear control principle Developmental signals Environmental control of plastid development Retrograde signalling Signals depending on plastid gene expression Retrograde signals depending on pigment synthesis Redox signals from chloroplasts Plastid signals controlling tissue development Conclusions and perspectives Acknowledgements References List of abbreviations The genetic transformation of plastids Hans-Ulrich Koop, Stefan Herz, Timothy J Golds, and Jörg Nickelsen Abstract Introduction Plastid biology in Chlamydomonas and tobacco General procedures Gene transfer methods Transformation vectors Marker gene removal Plastid transformation in algae Expression control elements Resistance marker genes Targeted inactivation Introduced genes, expressed proteins Transformed species Plastid transformation in higher plants Expression control elements Inducible gene expression Resistance marker genes and selection schemes...475

9 XVI Table of contents 4.4 Targeted inactivation Introduced genes, expressed proteins Transformed species Perspectives References Index