Structure of the striated muscle general properties
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1 Structure of the striated muscle general properties
2 Structure of the striated muscle membrane systems 1. Myofibrillum (contractile proteins) 2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) longitudinal tubule 3. SR terminal cisternae 4. Transverse tubule 5. Sarcolemma 6. Mitochondrion
3 The electro-mechanical coupling stimulus arrives to the NMJ action potential on the muscle fiber (sarcolemma T-tubules) calcium release from the SR activation of the contractile proteins contraction Calcium reuptake into the SR relaxation
4 The characteristics of the action potential The resting potential Value between -80 and -90 mv Significant resting K + and Cl - conductance The potential change duration 2-3 ms amplitude mv Fast (TTX-sensitive) Na + channels open depolarization Slow K + channels open repolarization pronounced after-depolarization
5 Role of the membrane potential-change The depolarization will cause shortening, independent of the formation of an action potential (K + -contracture) the presence of extracellular Ca 2+ Ca 2+ originates from intracellular stores Note Contracture = shortening (force production) without an AP Contraction = shortening (force production) evoked by an AP
6 Excitation-contraction coupling on striated muscle T-tubule sarcolemma RyR sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) longitudinal tubule DHPR Ca 2+ Ca 2+ SERCA pump Parv terminal cisternae TnC contractile proteins
7 Structure of the triad Triad = a T-tubule & two TC DHPR = dihydropyridine receptor, L-type voltage-gated calcium channel, voltage-sensor RyR = ryanodine receptor, SR calcium channel
8 Structure of the striated muscle the contractile proteins
9 Protein Composition of the Myofibril Név Hely Méret (kda) % Myosin Thick filaments Actin Thin filaments Tropomyosin Thin filaments Troponin (TnC, TnI, TnT) Thin filaments Titin Gap filaments Nebulin N line C-Protein Thick filaments Myomesin M line * α-actinin Z line H-Protein Thick filaments <1 I-Protein A band <1 Filamin Z band <1 Desmin Z band *55000 <1
10 Structure of the striated muscle the thin and thick filaments
11 The acto-myosin cycle I. the role of Ca 2+ In the presence of Ca 2+ (upper figure) Tm and TnI move actin-myosin interaction Troponin TnC Ca 2+ binding TnI Inhibition TnT Tm binding In the absence of Ca 2+ (bottom figure) Tm and TnI inhibiting position A actin M myosin Tm tropomyosin Tn - troponin
12 The acto-myosin cycle II. the sliding filament model AM AM-ATP AM-ADP-Pi AM-ADP AM M-ATP M-ADP-Pi ATP is needed for both the contraction and the relaxation A actin M myosin
13 The length-tension diagram The force generated by the muscle depends on the length of the muscle, because the force generated by a single cross-bridge is constant the number of cross-bridges depend on the relative position of the thin and thick filaments
14 Characteristics of muscle contraction I. summation, tetanus Voltage 1 stimulus Voltage Stimulus Muscle twitch Force Force 8 stimuli per second Light-Ca Voltage Force Voltage Light-Ca Force 50 stimuli per second Tetanus Light-Ca Light-Ca 1 second Two AP -evoked contractions can sum up, because the refracter period of an AP is shorter than the duration of a contraction [Ca 2+ ] i is still increased following repolarization Continuous summation = tetanus Incomplete tetanus = partial relaxation between oncoming AP-s Complete tetanus = no relaxation between AP-s
15 Characteristics of muscle contraction II. Motor unit = muscle fibers innervated by a single axon Regulation of muscle force = number of active units Regulation of precise movement = number of fibers in a unit Recruitment - fatigue Elastic elements in series and parallel (energetics) Hypocalcaemic tetania Denervation hypersensitivity (nachr outside the end plate) Muscle diseases Myasthenia gravis (autoimmune antibodies against nachr ) Myotonies Dystrophies Malignant hyperthermia, Central core disease
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