Fight-or-Flight Response (Sympathetic Nervous System)

Transcription

1 Fight-or-Flight Response (Sympathetic Nervous System) Heart beats more rapidly and more forcefully Blood pressure is elevated by generalized constriction of blood vessels (except those supplying skeletal muscle cells, which dilate) Respiratory airways open wide Glycogen and fat stores are broken down for energy Pupils dilate Sweating increases Digestive and urinary activities are inhibited 3 1

2 THEMES IN THE STUDY OF LIFE New properties emerge at successive levels of biological hierarchy. (esp. muscles: muscle, bundle of muscle fibers, muscle fiber (cell), myofibril, sarcomere, thick & thin filaments) The cell is an organism s basic unit of structure and function. (esp. muscle cells, endocrine cells, & nerve cells) Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. (esp. myofibril structure) Life s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information. Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matter. From ecosystems to molecules, interactions are important to biological systems. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems. Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment. (esp. nervous system and endocrine system) Evolution biology s core theme accounts for the unity and diversity of life. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY IN BIOLOGY In studying nature, scientists make observations and then form and test hypotheses. Science uses many technologies for specific goals of inquiry. (esp. transmission electron microscopy) Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints. 4 Fig e.g., olfactory sensory neurons e.g., G- proteinlinked odorant receptors i.e., Somatic system Fig e.g. odorant molecules 6 2

3 * * * * * * Fig Somatic Nervous (Motor) System Ach = Acetylcholine Autonomic Nervous System NE = Norepinephrine Figure not from textbook 8 Fig

4 Fig Fig Fig

5 Fig Individual muscle fibers (muscle cells); note multiple nuclei (each one several sarcomeres long); there are parts of three muscle fibers in the right hand view; striations are obvious, A-bands (dark stain) alternating with I-bands (lighter stain) Figure not from textbook 14 omere-e.m.-large-a.bmp 15 Figure not from textbook 5

6 Fig Fig Next 5 slides Fig

7 Fig Fig Fig

8 Fig Fig Figure not from textbook

9 Figure not from textbook Only reducing end One of many nonreducing ends 25 Fig Fig

10 Synaptic terminal (button) of motor neuron on muscle fiber (cell); note many dark stained synaptic vesicles in the synaptic button and the thin axon that leads to it; LM Figure not from textbook 28 Fig a 29 Fig

11 Figure not from textbook 31 Figure not from textbook 32 Voltage sensors (here labeled DHPR) of the central T-tubule Calcium release channels (here labeled RyR1 and RyR3) in sarcoplasmic reticulum Figure not from textbook Model of Triad Junction (Calcium Release Unit) 33 11

12 TEM of Triad Junction (= Calcium Release Unit) Figure not from textbook 34 Fig b 35 Fig

13 Fig Table

14 Figure not from textbook 40 Fig Fig

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16 Fig Fig Figure not from textbook

17 Figure not from textbook 49 Fig Fig

18 Fig Fig Fig PP is protein phosphatase 54 18

19 Fig Figure not from textbook 56 Figure not from textbook

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22 Also needs Ca 2+ to be fully active Fig α 1 receptor epinephrine Fig modified 65 Fig

23 Also needs Ca 2+ to be fully active Fig Fig Fig

24 Fig Stress! ACTH-releasing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Adrenal cortex cells secrete glucocorticoids Figure not from textbook Break down protein and fats to produce glucose 71 Fig

25 Fig Fig Fig

26 Fig THEMES IN THE STUDY OF LIFE New properties emerge at successive levels of biological hierarchy. (esp. muscles: muscle, bundle of muscle fibers, muscle fiber (cell), myofibril, sarcomere, thick & thin filaments) The cell is an organism s basic unit of structure and function. (esp. muscle cells, endocrine cells, & nerve cells) Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. (esp. myofibril structure) Life s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information. Life requires the transfer and transformation of energy and matter. From ecosystems to molecules, interactions are important to biological systems. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems. Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment. (esp. nervous system and endocrine system) Evolution biology s core theme accounts for the unity and diversity of life. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY IN BIOLOGY In studying nature, scientists make observations and then form and test hypotheses. Science uses many technologies for specific goals of inquiry. (esp. transmission electron microscopy) Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints

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29 (A) A model of the molecular arrangement of troponin (Tn), tropomyosin (Tm), and actin in the cardiac muscle thin filament. The various troponin subunits are indicated [TnC (red), TnT (yellow), and TnI (green)] as they lie along the two-stranded tropomyosin shown (brown and orange) that in turn lies along an actin (gray) (Cohen 1975). (B) Ribbon diagram (i.e. polypeptide backbone only) of the actin monomer structure subdomains: 1 (red), 2 (green), 3 (blue), and 4 (yellow) (Kabsch et al. 1990)

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