Choroid Retina Fovea. Sclera. Suspensory ligament Cornea Iris. Optic nerve. Pupil. Aqueous humor Lens. Central artery and vein of the retina

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1 Figure 50.1

2 Figure 50.17aa Sclera Suspensory ligament Cornea Iris Pupil Choroid Retina Fovea Optic nerve Aqueous humor Lens Vitreous humor Optic disk Central artery and vein of the retina

3 Figure Muscle Skeletal Muscle contraction Bundle of muscle fibers Single muscle fiber (cell) Myofibril Plasma membrane Z lines Nuclei Sarcomere Thick filaments (myosin) TEM M line 0.5 m Thin filaments (actin) Z line Sarcomere Z line

4 Figure 50.26b Z lines Sarcomere Thick filaments (myosin) TEM M line 0.5 m Thin filaments (actin) Z line Sarcomere Z line

5 Figure Synaptic terminal Axon of motor neuron 1 T tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Myofibril Plasma membrane of muscle fiber Sarcomere Synaptic terminal of motor neuron Synaptic cleft T tubule Mitochondrion Ca 2 released from SR Plasma membrane ACh 2 Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2 pump Ca ATP CYTOSOL 4 7 Ca 2 5

6 Figure 50.30b 1 Synaptic terminal of motor neuron Synaptic cleft T tubule Plasma membrane ACh 2 Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2 Ca 2 pump 3 6 ATP CYTOSOL 4 7 Ca 2 5

7 Figure Tropomyosin Actin Troponin complex Ca 2 -binding sites (a) Myosin-binding sites blocked Ca 2 Myosinbinding site (b) Myosin-binding sites exposed

8 Figure Thin filaments Thick filament 1 Thin filament ATP 5 ATP Myosin head (lowenergy configuration) Thick filament 2 Thin filament moves toward center of sarcomere. Actin Myosinbinding sites Myosin head (lowenergy configuration) ADP P i Myosin head (highenergy configuration ADP ADP 3 P P i i Cross-bridge 4

9 Figure 50.28a-1 1 Thin filament ATP Myosin head (lowenergy configuration) Thick filament

10 Figure 50.28a-2 1 Thin filament ATP Myosin head (lowenergy configuration) Thick filament Actin 2 Myosinbinding sites ADP P i High-energy configuration

11 Figure 50.28a-3 1 Thin filament ATP Myosin head (lowenergy configuration) Thick filament Actin 2 Myosinbinding sites ADP P i High-energy configuration ADP P i Cross-bridge 3

12 Figure 50.28a-4 1 Thin filament ATP Myosin head (lowenergy configuration) Thick filament 2 Thin filament moves toward center of sarcomere. Actin Myosinbinding sites Low-energy configuration ADP P i High-energy configuration ADP P i 4 ADP P i Cross-bridge 3

13 Figure 50.28a-5 Muscle contraction 1 Thin filament ATP 5 ATP Myosin head (lowenergy configuration) Thick filament 2 Thin filament moves toward center of sarcomere. Actin Myosinbinding sites Low-energy configuration ADP P i High-energy configuration ADP ADP 3 P P i i Cross-bridge 4

14 If calcium ions are not present in a sarcomere, muscle contraction cannot occur because a) ATP cannot bind to myosin. b) myosin cannot unbind from tropomyosin. c) myosin cannot bind to actin. d) ADP cannot be converted into ATP Pearson Education, Inc.

15 Figure Spinal cord Motor unit 1 Motor unit 2 Synaptic terminals Nerve Motor neuron cell body Motor neuron axon Muscle Muscle fibers Tendon

16 Muscle Twitch Complete cycle of contraction-relaxation in response to stimulus Can be observed using a myogram (laboratory recording of muscle activity) Latent period Contraction Relaxation Summation Tetanic contraction

17 Muscle force Latent period Contraction Relaxation Summation Tetanus Stimulus 0 Time (msec) 500 Figure 6.10

18 Figure Tension Tetanus Summation of two twitches Single twitch Action potential Pair of action potentials Time Series of action potentials at high frequency Isotonic contraction & isometric contraction

19 Activity of Muscles Can Vary Isotonic contractions: muscle shortens, movement occurs Isometric contractions: muscle doesn t shorten, no movement Degree of nerve activation influences force

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21 Figure Z Sarcomere M Z 0.5 m Relaxed muscle Contracting muscle Fully contracted muscle Contracted sarcomere

22 During a muscle contraction, a) the A band will increase in length. b) the I band will decrease in length. c) the H zone will increase in length. d) the Z lines will move farther apart.

23 Length Tension Relationship

24 Muscle Activity Two types of muscle fibers Slow twitch: endurance, long duration contraction, contain myoglobin Jogging, swimming, biking

25 Muscle Activity Two types of muscle fibers Fast twitch: strength, white muscle, short duration contraction Sprinting, weight lifting, tennis

26

27 Figure 50.33

28 Figure 50.UN01 Sarcomere Relaxed muscle Contracting muscle Fully contracted muscle Contracted sarcomere Thin filament Thick filament

29 Extension Flexion Figure Human forearm (internal skeleton) Grasshopper tibia (external skeleton) Biceps Extensor muscle Triceps Flexor muscle Biceps Extensor muscle Triceps Flexor muscle Key Contracting muscle Relaxing muscle

30 Figure Longitudinal muscle relaxed (extended) Circular muscle contracted Circular muscle relaxed Longitudinal muscle contracted Bristles Head end 1 Head end 2 Head end 3

31 Figure Clavicle Shoulder girdle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Pelvic girdle Carpals Skull Types of joints Ball-and-socket joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

32 Figure Ball-and-socket joint Head of humerus Scapula Hinge joint Humerus Pivot joint Ulna Ulna Radius

33 Figure 50.38

34 Figure 50.39

35 Figure Energy cost (cal/kg m) (log scale) RESULTS 10 2 Flying Running Swimming Body mass (g) (log scale)