Ginkgo Seeds: Nuisance or new opportunity? Ryan Murphy - University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources

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1 Ginkgo Seeds: Nuisance or new opportunity? Ryan Murphy - University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources

2 614 ginkgo trees removed in St. Paul in the last 10 years. Primarily because of seeds.

3 614 ginkgo trees removed in St. Paul in the last 10 years. Primarily because of seeds.

4 Ginkgo is a gymnosperm Image by Bert Meyers

5 Ginkgo Reproductive Biology: Male Pollen Cones

7 Ginkgo Reproductive Biology: Female ovules

8 Ginkgo Reproductive Biology: Pollen Gestates in ovule and Releases Motile sperm Photo by Benjamin Cummings

10 Ginkgo: a living fossil Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Ginkgophyta Class: Ginkgoopsida Order: Ginkgoales Family: Ginkgoaceae Genus: Ginkgo Species: biloba

12 Can ginkgo change sex from male to female? A few cases to consider...

13 The Old Lion Planted at Kew Gardens around 1750 A single twig was observed producing three seeds in 2006

14 Goethe s ginkgo Planted at the Botanischer Garten, Jena, Germany over Observed producing a few seeds after over 200 years

15 Cave Hill Cemetery - Louisville, KY Planted circa 1850 Witches broom observed producing seeds starting in the late circa 1990

VA Ginkgo seedling study (1929-1982) Over 600 ginkgo seedlings planted at Blandy Experimental Farm

16 VA Ginkgo seedling study ( ) Over 600 ginkgo seedlings planted at Blandy Experimental Farm in Boyce, Virginia Four trees were noted as predominantly male but producing seeds (1-7 seeds per tree)

17 Ginkgo: The Tree That Time Forgot By Peter Crane

18 Conclusions... The evidence seems to support that male trees have the ability to produce seeds

19 Conclusions... The evidence seems to support that male trees have the ability to produce seeds In the cases presented, seed production seems to be limited to isolated parts of the canopy

20 Conclusions... The evidence seems to support that male trees have the ability to produce seeds In the cases presented, seed production seems to be limited to isolated parts of the canopy Only a few seeds are being produced

21 Conclusions... The evidence seems to support that male trees have the ability to produce seeds In the cases presented, seed production seems to be limited to isolated parts of the canopy Only a few seeds are being produced Therefore, we may conclude that seed producing ginkgo in the landscape are not the result of a sex change

22 Genetic markers confirm sex Researchers have identified a male specific RAPD marker First published in 2003 by Jiang et al., and confirmed in 2008 by Echenard et al.

23 Managing Ginkgo in the Urban Landscape

24 Tough by nature

25 Tough by nature Six ginkgo trees survived the Hiroshima nuclear bomb during WWII

26 Long-lived

28 And the list goes on... Few pests or pathogens Resistant to pollution Not overly maintenance heavy Etc.

32 The story from Seoul, South Korea JoongAng Daily

33 Seoul, South Korea Ginkgo Management Plan Respond to citizen complaint within 24 hours Engine powered tree shakers and aerial lifts utilized

34 Seoul, South Korea Ginkgo Management Plan If complaints are too numerous - replace tree and transplant if possible DNA test is utilized if male ginkgo is planted JoongAng Daily

35 Seoul, South Korea Ginkgo Management Plan Public Participation and free distribution

36 Hormone s to block seed production? Snipper Tree Tech Microinjection PGR 4% Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)

Assessment of production and harvest potential of urban grown Ginkgo biloba seeds Ensure food safety of urban collected ginkgo Create a mechanism

38 Assessment of production and harvest potential of urban grown Ginkgo biloba seeds Ensure food safety of urban collected ginkgo Create a mechanism for harvest and distribution of urban grown ginkgo, thereby preserving mature urban female ginkgo trees and creating a new local food revenue source

39 Additional Letters of Support

diseases, such as asthma, and various types of food, such

40 In the oriental countries, especially in China, ginkgo seeds are widely used as herbal medicine to treat lung diseases, such as asthma, and various types of food, such as dishes, processed nuts. Annual market in China is about $3 billion.

41 Ensuring Food Safety - Heavy Metals

42 Ensuring Food Safety - Heavy Metals, soil sampling

43 Ensuring Food Safety - Heavy Metals, soil sampling Soil lead levels at two different depths in parts per million

44 Ensuring Food Safety - Heavy Metals, soil sampling

45 Ensuring Food Safety - Heavy Metals, seed samples

46 Contact dermatitis from outer seed coat

47 Ginkgotoxin Overconsumption of ginkgo seeds, especially by children can result in loss of consciousness, seizure like symptoms or temporary paralysis The toxicity of ginkgotoxin can be relieved by taking vitamin B6 supplements.

48 Ginkgotoxin Ginkgotoxin is water soluble but rather heat stable, so boiled or pickled ginkgo products will have less ginkgotoxin than raw seeds. If you are 30 years of age or older, don t consume any more than 30 seeds in one sitting. Under 30 years old, don t consume more than your age in seeds.

49 Collecting and Cleaning

53 Nuisance or new opportunity? Food safety research seems to be promising Is there a market? Can we create one? Harvest mechanisms need to be refined Treatments to prevent seed formation could be explored

Ginkgo. biloba. Ingrid Naiman. Lesson 1 Bonus

Ginkgo. biloba. Ingrid Naiman. Lesson 1 Bonus Ginkgo Ingrid Naiman Lesson 1 Bonus biloba Ginkgo Biloba Astrology of Healing Bonus Material I ngrid Naiman Copyright by Dr. Ingrid Naiman 2011 and 2015 First Published by Dr. Ingrid Naiman 2011 on Zerorads.com