Studies on the anti-feedant effect of neem leaf using synthetic insecticide

Transcription

1 Volume 119 No , ISSN: (on-line version) url: ijpam.eu Studies on the anti-feedant effect of neem leaf using synthetic insecticide 1 Ramesh babu P.B, 2 Lalan Gupta 1 Professor and Head, 2 UG Student Department of Genetic Engineering BIHER, BIST, Bharath University Chennai rameshbabupb.gen@bharathuniv.ac.in ABSTRACT Research into the insecticidal effects of azadirachtin, a limonoid from the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) has been ongoing for some 30 years. Its strong antifeedant, insect growth regulatory and reproductive effects are now well understood and documented. Antifeedancy varies markedly between species with mosquitoes being particularly sensitive to azadirachtin. The mode of action of azadirachtin lies in (i) effects on deterrent and other chemoreceptors resulting in antifeedancy and (ii) direct effects on most other tissues studied resulting in overall loss of fitness of the insect. The complexity of the molecular structure of azadirachtin has precluded its synthesis for pesticide use although novel synthesis of the parent molecule is now almost complete and research into simpler mimetic substances is ongoing. Applied research has concentrated on a variety of natural formulations from neem seed kernels which contain azadirachtin together with several structurally related molecules. This study brings the reader upto date on cost effective and less synthetic insecticides from Neem leaves extracts and provides a detailed overview of present thinking into the mode of action of azadirachtin. Wherever possible comparative approaches have been made between species of the effects of pure azadirachtin and areas for future research are indicated. Keywords: Azadirachtin indica, Neem leaves, Synthetic Insecticide, Limonoid, Antifeedancy INTRODUCTION The neem tree (Azadirachta indicaa.juss), from the Meliaceae (mahogany) family, known as margosa or Indian lilac, has long been recognized for its properties both against insects and in improving human health [18]. Both the bark and leaves were shown to contain highly active molecule called azadaricthin. Azadirachtin, a complex tetranortriterpenoid limonoid is the main component responsible for both antifeedant and toxic effects in insects [2]. Other limonoid and sulphur-containing compound with repellent, antiseptic, contraceptive [23], antipyretic and antiparasitic properties are found elsewhere in the tree, e.g. leaves,flowers,barks,roots [13-17]. 611

2 The antifeedant effects of neem were first described in 1952 by Heinrich Schmutterer who recorded that desert locusts (Schistocercagregaria (Forskal)) were refusing to feed on neem [13]. Closer studies revealed that this species has an unusually high sensitivity to azadirachtin as an antifeedant, perhaps related to the supposed co-evolutionary origins of both tree and locust in Burma [9, 10]. Neem insecticides, which are extracts of extract of neem leaves contain many related triterpenoids in addition to azadarichtinincluding 3-tigloyl-azadirachtin.Their efficacy is directly related to azadirachtin content however many of the other compound also have biological activity and add to its effects [4, 5, 6]. The biosynthesis of azadirachtin starts with a steroid precursor (e.g. tirucallol azadirone,azadiradione) and C-ring opening (e.g.nimbin, salannin), after which further and proseeds via two levels of structural complexity : furan ring formation [7, 11]. Figure 1 : Neem leaf and structure of Azadirachtin In developing countries, the loss of crops due to pest, plant disease and competition from weeds is great. In households, pest and insects such as mosquitoes, cockroaches, mice etc pose risks such as the destruction of furniture, clothing and to the causation of various diseases, most seriously; malaria [3, 26]. Pesticides/insectides produced to kill these pests in order to prevent these damages, also tend to have adverse effects on humans in various ways, most especially those produced from synthetic materials [1]. These adverse effects of headache, dizziness and other factors are worth investigating. The insecticides range from agricultural to household pesticides. Every category has its own effect, both on the targeted pest/insect and the environment lives. This research targets insecticide produced from natural products and the need to choose these pesticides rather than those of synthetic origin [12, 14]. The neem tree is drought resistant and thrives normally in areas with sub-arid to sub-humid conditions, with an annual rainfall between mm. Neem is life giving tree especially for the dry coastal, southern districts. It has been observed that the various medicinal value of the 612

3 neem plants are due to presence of phytochemicals. The seed kernel of neem yield about 90% of a fixed oil comprised primarily of glycerides [8]. The yellow bitter oil has garlic odor and contain approximately of 2% of the principles constituents like nimbrin, nimbdin, nimbnin, nimbidol and other related limonoid triterpense. Azadiracthin is the most complex secondary metabolite present in the plant [21]. MATERIALS AND METHODS The method of obtaining natural insecticide from dried neem leaves was peculiarly easier. First of all what is to be done is neem leaves has to be collected from nearby sources. The sources can be around your locality like botanical garden, university, nearby forest and many more. Secondly now the leaves were left in microwave oven for about minutes at the temperature range of degree centigrade. Leaf quality has to be checked whether it is dried or not. The leaves should be dried and crushed into the powder as described previously [20]. The leaves can be crushed or ground to the powder with the help of blender if available or it can be done with the help of mortar and pestle. Here the leaves were powdered with the help of mortar and pestle. After this the leave samples were measured and certain amount of binding material was added. Now the mixture was mixed and little amount of water was added. The beaker with the wet insecticide mixture was dried in an oven at a regulated temperature range of o C. The sample was weighed after every 10 minutes until a constant dried weight was obtained after 30minutes. [22-24] PROCEDURE A weighed quantity of dried neem leaves were blended into powder with a blender to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The dried neem powder was used for making the insecticide while the fresh blended leaves were used for the extraction 10.00g of the powdered neem leaves sample was weighed into a 200ml beaker. 5.0g of a bindingmaterial (starch) was weighed and added to the neem sample in the beaker. The mixture was stirred to obtain a homogeneous mixture. 5.0ml of distilled water was added gradually to themixture in quantity of 1.0ml while stirring The cleaned weighed beaker (M1) was filled with the mixture and the weight taken (M2) To obtain the true weight of the prepared mixture (M), the difference between the weights M2andM1was computed as M. thus M= M2-M1 The beaker with the wet insecticide mixture was dried in an oven at a regulated temperature range of o C. The sample was weighed after every 10 minutes until a constant dried weight was obtained after 30minutes. The beaker with the dried insecticide was weighed to obtain the accurate weight by deducting from that of M. 613

4 Accurate weight obtained=11g. This is how several methods were employed for the successful preparation of the natural insecticide from the neem leaves i.e. the compound azadaricthin. However it is important to note that since this compound is mostly natural in origin, it has less adverse effect on health and people do not show symptoms like headache, diziness etc. The compound is found to be highly effective. Since there is chance of losing the insecticidal property of the compound it shouldn t be overheated in the oven. [25-45] RESULTS The prepared neem insecticide was distributed among households within the study area and they were educated on how to use them. The households used them and were closely monitored for the effectiveness. They applied the insecticide in the evening in the comfort of their homes. The results were obtained based on the time of application, number of bites received before, during and after bites period and adverse effect suffered NUMBER OF BITES RECEIVED BEFORE APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDE Users time bites A Before 1hr 25 B Before 1hr 30 To evaluate the efficiency of insecticide preparation was distributed to two, A&B. The time of application before one hour was noted and it was found that the A received 25 bites whereas the B received 30 bites. NUMBER OF BITES RECEIVED THE MOMMENT AFTER APPLICATION USERS TIME BITES A 1hr 2 B 1hr 3 EFFICIENCY OF THE INSECTICIDE Here we are comparing the number of bites received before and after the application of the insecticide along with the particular interval of the time. The bites in the house A was reduced from 25 to 2 where the efficiency of the insecticide was found to be 92%. Similarly the bite in house B was reduced from 30 to 3 where the efficiency of the insecticide was shown to be 90%, so we can draw the particular conclusion about the insecticide effectiveness which was found to be highly useful. The users, A and B are the households which were randomly selected in the study area. Questionnaires were also issued to students and the general public to assess their views on the 614

5 adverse effects they usually experience upon exposure to insecticides. Common effects suffered by most people include headache, irritation, and catarrh. Others also specified other effects such as dizziness, breathing problems especially asthmatic patients. To those who could not read the content of the questionnaire, they were helped through our interviews. The results obtained are tabulated below. ADVERSE EFFECT OF USING SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDE Effects Number of complaints Catarrh 12 Dizziness 8 Headache 10 Irritation 14 ADVERSE EFFECT OF USING THE PREPARED INSECTICIDE Effects Number of complaints catarrh 2 diziness 1 headache 1 irritation 2 EFFECTS OF PREPARED INSECTICIDE Household Smoke Heat Odour effect A Normal Normal unpleasant positive B Normal Normal unpleasant positive DISCUSSION From the results on the statistical tables, it was observed that bites were recorded half an hour after application of the insecticide. Yet, an hour later, no mosquito bites were recorded leading to an efficiency of 100%. An hour and half and even two hours later, only a few bites were recorded leading to an efficiency of 84-85%. This is seen in the questionnaire administered. Also the results collated from the questionnaires and the interviews showed that in both cases (synthetic and sample prepared), the users complained of headache, catarrh, dizziness and irritation of the eye. It however, showed that the detrimental effect of synthetic insecticide was severe compared to the prepared sample. 14 cases were reported for irritation, 12 cases for catarrh, 10 cases for headache and 8 cases for dizziness from the use of the synthetic 615

6 insecticide while 2 cases for irritation, 2 cases for catarrh, no cases for headache and 1 case for dizziness were reported for the prepared sample. In general no adverse effects were reported from the use of the prepared sample. The prepared insecticide burn and smoke effectively as required and are non-toxic and nonallergic to humans. Environmentally, the production process is over 90% pollution free and does not involve any known chemical reactions. The raw materials for the production are entirely natural products. Our results have shown that insecticides made from natural botanical source such as neem leaves for mosquito eradication are less toxic as compared to those from the synthetic origin hence it is safer to use insecticides prepared from natural raw materials since they have little or no adverse effects on human health. Therefore, the preparation of natural insecticide can be seen as cost effective and from health point of view as well it is too good. Since we can produce this insecticide within short interval of time it can be supplied adequately in the growing market. The major goal of this paper is to eradicate the pesticide and insecticide problem with the help of the neem derived compound azadaricthin. In the future, we can explore more on several other compounds of the neem products especially focusing on the properties of odazadaricthin and its advantage in the field of applied research. REFERENCES 1. Nimal, R.J.G.R., Hussain, J.H., Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on EN24 steel,, V-116, I-17, PP , Parameswari, D., Khanaa, V., Deploying lamport clocks and linked lists, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP , Parameswari, D., Khanaa, V., Case for massive multiplayer online role-playing games, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP , Parameswari, D., Khanaa, V., Deconstructing model checking with hueddot, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP , Parameswari, D., Khanaa, V., The effect of self-learning epistemologies on theory, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-3, PP , Pavithra, J., Peter, M., GowthamAashirwad, K., A study on business process in IT and systems through extranet,, V-116, I-19, PP , Pavithra, J., Ramamoorthy, R., Satyapira Das, S., A report on evaluating the effectiveness of working capital management in googolsoft technologies, Chennai, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-14, PP , Pavithra, J., Thooyamani, K.P., A cram on consumer behaviour on Mahindra two wheelers in Chennai,, V-116, I-18, PP-55-57,

7 9. Pavithra, J., Thooyamani, K.P., Dkhar, K., A study on the air freight customer satisfaction,, V-116, I-14 Special Issue, PP , Pavithra, J., Thooyamani, K.P., Dkhar, K., A study on the working capital management of TVS credit services limited,, V-116, I-14, PP , Pavithra, J., Thooyamani, K.P., Dkhar, K., A study on the analysis of financial performance with reference to Jeppiaar Cements Pvt Ltd, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-14, PP , Peter, M., Dayakar, P., Gupta, C., A study on employee motivation at Banalari World Cars Pvt Ltd Shillong,, V-116, I- 18, PP , Peter, M., Kausalya, R., A study on capital budgeting with reference to signware technologies,, V-116, I-18, PP-71-74, Peter, M., Kausalya, R., Akash, R., A study on career development with reference to premheerasurgicals,, V-116, I-14, PP , Peter, M., Kausalya, R., Mohanta, S., A study on awareness about the cost reduction and elimination of waste among employees in life line multispeciality hospital, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-14, PP , Peter, M., Srinivasan, V., Vignesh, A., A study on working capital management at deccan Finance Pvt Limited Chennai,, V- 116, I-14, PP , Peter, M., Thooyamani, K.P., Srinivasan, V., A study on performance of the commodity market based on technicalanalysis, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-18, PP , Philomina, S., Karthik, B., Wi-Fi energy meter implementation using embedded linux in ARM 9, Middle - East Journal of Scientific Research, V-20, I-12, PP , Philomina, S., Subbulakshmi, K., Efficient wireless message transfer system,, V-116, I-20, PP , Philomina, S., Subbulakshmi, K., Ignition system for vechiles on the basis of GSM,, V-116, I-20, PP , Philomina, S., Subbulakshmi, K., Avoidance of fire accident by wireless sensor network,, V-116, I-20, PP , Pothumani, S., Anuradha, C., Monitoring android mobiles in an industry, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-20, PP , Pothumani, S., Anuradha, C., Decoy method on various environments - A survey,, V-116, I-10, PP ,

8 24. Pothumani, S., Anuradha, C., Priya, N., Study on apple icloud, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-8, PP , Pothumani, S., Hameed Hussain, J., A novel economic framework for cloud and grid computing,, V-116, I-13 Special Issue, PP-5-8, Pothumani, S., Hameed Hussain, J., A novel method to manage network requirements,, V-116, I-13, PP-9-15, Pradeep, R., Vikram, C.J., Naveenchandra, P., Experimental evaluation and finite element analysis of composite leaf spring for automotive vehicle, Middle - East Journal of Scientific Research, V-12, I-12, PP , Pradeep, R., Vikram, C.J., Naveenchandran, P., Experimental evaluation and finite element analysis of composite leaf spring for automotive vehicle, Middle - East Journal of Scientific Research, V-17, I-12, PP , Prakash, S., Jayalakshmi, V., Power quality improvement using matrix converter,, V-116, I-19, PP , Prakash, S., Jayalakshmi, V., Power quality analysis & power system study in high voltage systems,, V-116, I-19, PP-47-52, Prakash, S., Sherine, S., Control of BLDC motor powered electric vehicle using indirect vector control and sliding mode observer, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-19, PP , Prakesh, S., Sherine, S., Forecasting methodologies of solar resource and PV power for smart grid energy management,, V-116, I-18, PP , Prasanna, D., Arulselvi, S., Decoupling smalltalk from rpcs in access points, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-16, PP-1-4, Prasanna, D., Arulselvi, S., Exploring gigabit switches and journaling file systems,, V-116, I-16, PP , Prasanna, D., Arulselvi, S., Collaborative configurations for wireless sensor networks systems,, V-116, I-15 Special Issue, PP , Priya, N., Anuradha, C., Kavitha, R., Li-Fi science transmission of knowledge by way of light,, V-116, I-9, PP , Priya, N., Pothumani, S., Kavitha, R., Merging of e-commerce and e-market-a novel approach,, V-116, I-9 Special Issue, PP , Raj, R.M., Karthik, B., Effective demining based on statistical modeling for detecting thermal infrared,, V-116, I-20, PP ,

9 39. Raj, R.M., Karthik, B., Energy sag mitigation for chopper, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-20, PP , Raj, R.M., Karthik, B., Efficient survey in CDMA system on the basis of error revealing,, V-116, I-20, PP , Rajasulochana, P., Krishnamoorthy, P., Ramesh Babu, P., Datta, R., Innovative business modeling towards sustainable E-Health applications, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, V-4, I-4, PP , Rama, A., Nalini, C., Shanthi, E., An iris based authentication system by eye localization, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-4, PP , Rama, A., Nalini, C., Shanthi, E., Effective collaborative target tracking in wireless sensor networks, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, V-8, I-4, PP , Ramamoorthy, R., Kanagasabai, V., Irshad Khan, S., Budget and budgetary control,, V-116, I-20, PP , Ramamoorthy, R., Kanagasabai, V., Jivandan, S., A study on training and development process at Vantec Logistics India Pvt Ltd, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-14, PP ,

10 620