impact of Invasive Species- Pest Detection and Identification

Transcription

1 Economic o c importance and impact of Invasive Species- Pest Detection and Identification Department of Defense Workshop Strategic Management of Invasive Species in the Southwest U.S. Phoenix, Arizona Cheryle A. O'Donnell, Nogales AZ

2 Challenges in Detecting Invasive pests World Pesticide Agriculture Production International ti Commerce-trade Documented Research Prevention Ornamentals Eradication Fruits and vegetables Containment Grains and ddairy Control Adaption

3 Agriculture is the Largest Industry on the Planet Employs 1.3 billion people Produces $1.3 trillion worth of goods A major part of the US landscape Influences Natural a Biodiversity

4 Agriculture is the Largest Industry 1950 $420 billion on the Planet Farmers received about 33% ($138 billion) 2028 ~ $10 trillion Farmers will receive 10% Fewer farmers More $ into producing agriculture products US Farmers produce enough to feed the US population and are #1 exporter in the world

5 US Agriculture Trade Import/Export $164 billion (20% increase from 2007) US inspects ~ 1% of all trucks, cars, ships and planes entering the US

6 Pesticide Production World Market 2001 $8,763 million US $3,124 million (28% of world total) Average Value of US Pesticide Production Production $9.3 billion Imports $1.0 billion Total Supply $10.3 billion

7 Invasive Species Cost of invasive pests (~50,000) is estimated at $140 billion/year in the US due to: crop loss (damage and diseases) cost of containment pesticide applications introduction of biological control agents mechanical control Does not includes costs due to extinctions, losses in biodiversity, ecosystem services, and aesthetics NO MONITARY VALUE ASSIGNED!

8 Transitions of an Invasive Species Species entrained in transport pathway Fails in transport Survives transport and introduction Fails to establish Establishment SPREAD Noninvasive Invasive

9 Endangered Species List 42% of the species listed on the Endangered Species list are at risk primarily due to alien-invasive species.

10 Invasive Species Biological Pollution Altering evolutionary pathways Competing Exclusion Niche displacement Hybridization Introgression Predation Extinction

11 Number of Interceptions ~1% Aug gust-08 Septemb mber-08 Octob tober-08 Novemb mber-08 Decemb mber-08 Janua uary-09 Febru uary-09 Mar arch-09 April-09 May-09 June-09 July-09 Aug gust-09 Septemb mber-09 Octob tober-09

12 Interception Pathways ~1% Airport Land Border Maritime Inspection Station Foreign Preclearance

13 Life stages frequently intercepted Alive Immature Alive Adult Alive Pupae Alive Egg

14 What Have We Learned? Increase $ spent to prevent, manage, and eradicate Resilient pests Proven pesticide resistance High re-infestation pressure Increase in conducting standards for bioassays, pesticide iid trials, il general pest management and detection surveys

15 Knowledge Changes the way we conduct business Prevention 1 st line of defense (land borders, airports, maritime, foreign pre-clearance) 2 nd line of defense (state t and federal monitoring programs) 3 rd line of defense (county programs, farm advisors, growers, nurseries)

16 Land Border Inspections

17 Airport Inspections

18 State and Federal Detection Scouting

19 County: Detection Traps

20 Methods of control: Prevention Sanitation Monitoring flow

21 Sanitation

22 Screening Screening Air flow

23 Movement/Flow of Plant Material and Pests

24 Movement/Flow

25 Once An Alien Has Been Found Targeted Scouting Detection Tracking Monitoring i Eradicating Public Awareness Press Releases LBAM- Little pests are a big problem for agriculture Posted: Tuesday, Jul 28th, 2009 BY: John E. Eiskamp As you may have seen in the news recently, the light brown apple moth has not gone away and, in fact, is here in greater numbers than ever before. Since I am a caneberry (raspberries and blackberries) grower as well as president of the Santa Cruz County Farm Bureau, I have had the opportunity to speak with the press on several occasions regarding recent finds of LBAM in caneberry fields.

26 456 invasive insect species listed in North America Invasive.org

27 European Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar L. History: Introduced into Massachusetts in 1868 after a failed experiment to produce a silk producing moth. Hosts: Primarily Oaks (Quercus sp.), 100 s of other hardwood and softwood trees. Current tstatus: t under quarantine management in Eastern US, traps are monitored throughout the US. Control costs $11 million annually.

28 European Gypsy Moth

29 European Gypsy Moth Damaging Life Stage : Larvae

30 Sirex Wood Wasp Sirex noctillo Fabricus History: Detected in the fall of 2004 in Oswaga NY. Hosts: Pinus sp., (Scotch, white, Austrian, Monterey, Loblolly, slash, shortleaf, ponderosa, lodgepole, l jack). Current Status: under effective suppression using parasitic nematodes within the 150 m radius of first detection.

31 Sirex Wood Wasp Damaging Life Stage : Adult Female and Larvae

32 Asian Citrus Pysllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama History: Found in FL on citrus in 1998, TX in 2000 and in CA Hosts: Citrus sp., Murraya, a Rutaceae (Southwest: Ptelea trifolia, Thamnosma montana and T. texana) Vectors: Citrus greening Current Status: quarantine prevention in CA, TX, FL. Monitoring for presence in AZ, CA, TX. Treating citrus in Mexico for ACP and dcg.

33 Asian Citrus Pysllid Partial host list COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Bael fruit Chevalier s aeglopsis Uganda powder flask Curry leaf Cape chestnut Calamondin Citrange African cherry orange Citrus Pink wampee Clausena Wampee Desert lime Aegle marmelos Aeglopsis chevalieri Afraegle gabonensis Afraegle paniculata Atalantia spp. Balsamocitrus dawei Bergera koenigii Calodendrum capense Citrofortunella microcarp Citroncircus webberi Citropsis schweinfurthii Citrus spp. Clausena anisum-olens Clausena excavata Clausena indica Clausina lansium Eremocitrus glauca Eremocitrus hybrid Kumquat Wood apple Finger lime Round lime Mock orange Trifoliate orange Chinese box orange Tabog Orange climber plant Toddalia White ironwood Fortunella spp. Limonia acidissima Merrillia caloxylon Microcitrus australasica Microcitrus australis Microcitrus papuana Microcitronella sydney Murraya spp. Naringi crenulata Pamburus missionis Poncirus trifoliata Severinia buxifolia Swinglea glutinosa Toddalia asiatica Toddalia lanceolata Triphasia trifolia Vepris lanceolata Xanthoxylum fagara

34 Asian Citrus Pysllid

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36 Damaging Life Stage : Adults and Larvae

37 Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana History: Detected in California Hosts: 290 different hosts including oak, willow, poplar, cottonwood, pine, Eucalyptus, rose, pittosporum, lupine, plantain and clover. Current Status: under quarantine management in California and under prevention in AZ, NM, TX.

38 Light Brown Apple Moth

39

40 Light Brown Apple Moth Damaging Life Stage : Larvae

41 Cactus Moth Cactoblastis cactorum Berg History: Released as a bioagent against alien Opuntia in Australia in the 1920 s; found in Florida in Hosts: Opuntia sp., Nopalea sp., Cylindropuntia sp. (Cholla) Current Status: Quarantine management in Louisiana, ii Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida and under prevention in AZ, NM, TX.

42 Cactus Moth

43 Cactus Moth

44 Cactus Moth Damaging Life Stage : Larvae

45 Red Palm Mite Raoiella indica Hirst History: Found on coconut palm in Martinique in 2004 and in Florida in Hosts: 42 palm species Current Status: Pest management and prevention in the Southwest.

46 Red Palm Mite Damaging Life Stage : Adults and Immatures

47 Fruit Flies Mexican fruit fly Caribbean fruit fly White stripped fruit fly Guava fruit fly Oriental fruit fly Olive fruit fly Peach fruit fly Mediterranean fruit fly Melon fruit fly Damaging Life Stage : Larvae

48 Fruit Flies History: Various introductions. i Hosts: Various fruit Current Status: Detection, Monitoring, Eradication, Sterile releases. Prevention in the Southwest.

49 Fruit Flies Guava Fruit Fly Host List Common Name/ Scientific Name Apple Date palm Fig Guava Okra Orange Papaya Peach Pomegranate Quince Sapodilla Sapodilla, chiku Surinam cherry Tomato Tropical almond Malus sylvestris Pheonix dactylifera Ficus carica Psidium guajava Abelmoschus esculentus Citrus sinensis Carica papaya Prunus persica Punica granatum Cydonia oblonga Manikara zapota Achras zapota Eugenia uniflora Lycopersicon esculentum Terminalia catappa\chebula

50 White Stripped Fruit Flies

51 Fruit Flies

52 Asian Long Horn Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis History: Invasion from Asia, detection date is unknown. Hosts: 18 broadleaf trees, including horse chestnut, buckeye, rose, Betula, Fraxinus sp. Acer, Populus, Salix, Melia, Morus, Prunus, Pyrus Current tstatus: t Dt Detection, ti Monitoring, i Eradication in Eastern US and prevention in the southwest.

53 ALB Quarantine Areas

54 Asian Long Horn Beetle Damaging Life Stage : Larvae

55 Japanese Beetle Popillia japonica History: Invasion from Japan, detected in New Jersey in 1916 Hosts: 100 s of plants Current Status: Pest management, detection in the Eastern US and monitoring in the Southwest. Collected in AZ, CA, NM, TX.

56 Japanese Beetle Damaging Life Stage : Adults and Larvae

57 Japanese Beetle

58 Red Imported Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta History: Detected in Mobile AL, 1929 and misidentified until 1972 when it was revised to Solenopsis invicta Hosts: Agricultural plants, small animals and people Current Status: Pest management, detection in the South Eastern and Western US. In AZ under Prevention and Rapid Response. Losses, damage and control $1000 million

59 Red Imported Fire Ant Damaging Life Stage : All life stages (colony)

60 Red Imported Fire Ant

61 Emerald Ash Borer Agrilus planipennis History: Detected in Southeast Michigan 2002 Hosts: Ash trees Current Status: Quarantine prevention and monitoring in the Great Lakes Region.

62 Emerald Ash Borer Damaging Life Stage : Larvae

63 Emerald Ash Borer

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65 Emerald Ash Borer

66 False Codling Moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta History: Detected at California s border stations in Hosts: Over 100 species of plants Current Status: Traps surveys, monitoring i presence and border detection, NOT CURRENTLY ESTABLISHED

67 False Codling Moth Damaging Life Stage : Larvae

68 Pink Boll Worm Pectinophora gossypiella History: Detected in the Southern cotton belt in the 1920 s. Hosts: cotton, hibiscus and hollyhock Current Status: Pest Management and eradication in III phases in southern US states, CA, AZ, TX with sterile releases.

69 Pink Boll Worm Damaging Life Stage : Larvae

70 Pink Boll Worm

71 Where Do We Focus Our Energies in the Future? Identify risk pathways (Airports) Highlight risk commodities Prevention and Quarantine Improve Management Practices New Biological Control Agents New Biosafe Pesticides Training i National and Local New Tools

72 Training i Workshops Prevention Detection (scouting) Identification

73 New Identification Tools

74 Thank you!

75 Resources Data: Agriculture Quarantine Activity Systems Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations United States Department of Agriculture World Agriculture and the Environment Jay Clay 2004 UC Davis Horan, Perrings, Lupi and Bulte Biological i l pollution prevention strategies under ignorance: the case of invasive species. Amer. J. Agr. Econ. 84, No. 5: Mooney and Cleland. May 8, The evolutionary impact of invasive species. PNAS, Vol. 98, No. 10: Pimentel, Zuniga, Morrison Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive invasive species in the United States. Trends in Ecol. Evo. Vol. 10, No 2:16 ppgs. Kolar and Lodge Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders Trends in Eco. & Evo. Vol. 16, No. 4: