Preventing Exotic Lepidoptera from Entering the U.S. Jim Young, PhD National Specialist Lepidoptera USDA, APHIS, PPQ, NIS

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1 Preventing Exotic Lepidoptera from Entering the U.S. Jim Young, PhD National Specialist Lepidoptera USDA, APHIS, PPQ, NIS

2 USDA, APHIS, PPQ National Identification Services (NIS) Coordinates the identification of plant pests in support of USDA's regulatory programs.

3 USDA, APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) Safeguards U.S. agriculture and natural resources against the entry, establishment, and spread of economically and environmentally significant pests, and facilitates the safe trade of agricultural products.

4 USDA, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service To protect the health and value of American agriculture and natural resources.

5 USDA Strategic Goals: 1. Ensure USDA programs are delivered efficiently, effectively, and with integrity and a focus on customer service. 2. Maximize the ability of American agricultural producers to prosper by feeding and clothing the world. 3. Promote American agricultural products and exports. 4. Facilitate rural prosperity and economic development. 5. Strengthen the stewardship of private lands through technology and research. 6. Foster productive and sustainable use of our National Forest System Lands. 7. Provide all Americans access to a safe, nutritious and secure food supply.

6 USDA Strategic Goals: 1. Ensure USDA programs are delivered efficiently, effectively, and with integrity and a focus on customer service. 2. Maximize the ability of American agricultural producers to prosper by feeding and clothing the world. 3. Promote American agricultural products and exports. 4. Facilitate rural prosperity and economic development. 5. Strengthen the stewardship of private lands through technology and research. 6. Foster productive and sustainable use of our National Forest System Lands. 7. Provide all Americans access to a safe, nutritious and secure food supply.

7 USDA, APHIS, PPQ, NIS So. We identify plant pests to: facilitate safe trade to provide safeguards against the entry, establishment, and spread of economically and environmentally significant pests and Establish providence for the development of policy and thereby protect the health and value of American agriculture and natural resources

8 Preventing Exotic Lepidoptera from Entering the U.S and trying to stop the ones that get thru

9 Prevention Step 1. Inspection

10 Prevention Step 1. Inspection

11 Prevention Step 2. Identification Morphological Molecular Rearing ~99.9 % of ID s are done using this method 0.09 % of ID s are done using this method 0.01 % of ID s are done using this method

12 Prevention Step 2. Identification Challenges with specimens? =

13 Prevention Step 2. Identification Challenges with specimens =?

14 Prevention Step 2. Identification Challenges with specimens

15 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests 1) Asian Gypsy Moths Lymantria dispar asiatica, L. dispar japonica, L. monacha, L. mathura. Hosts: Deciduous and evergreen trees

16 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests Lymantria dispar dispar Lymantria dispar asiatica Lymantria dispar japonica Pogue, M., Schaefer, P. W., & United States. (2007). A review of selected species of Lymantria Hu bner (1819) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae:Lymantriinae) from subtropical and temperate regions of Asia, including the descriptions of three new species, some potentially invasive to North America. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team.

17 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests L. monacha L. mathura L. xylina Pogue, M., Schaefer, P. W., & United States. (2007). A review of selected species of Lymantria Hu bner (1819) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae:Lymantriinae) from subtropical and temperate regions of Asia, including the descriptions of three new species, some potentially invasive to North America. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team.

18 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests Lymantria eggs are identified molecular analysis

19 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests 2) Chrysodeixis erisoma and C. chalcites Hosts: Almost anything with leaves. Documented pest of tomatoes and peppers

20 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests C. erisoma C. chalcites?

21 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests 3) Copitarsia spp. Hosts: Generalists on herbs and vegetables

22 C. decolora Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests C. corruda C. incommoda Images by M. Pogue

23 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests C. decolora C. corruda C. incommoda Images by M. Pogue

24 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests 4) Spodoptera litura and S. littoralis Hosts: generalists S. litura: Intercepted most often on cut flowers S. littoralis: Intercepted on vegetables and cut flowers

25 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests S. litura S. littoralis

26 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests 5) Helicoverpa armigera Host: generalist but prefers tomatoes, peppers, eggplants and their relatives. Commonly intercepted on cut flowers and vegetables

27 Top 5 Lepidoptera Pests

28 How do we know when a pest shows up?

29 Trapping

30 Trapping

31 Trapping $

32 CAPS Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey State government agencies, universities and private companies apply for funding for supplies and salary to conduct surveys. Majority of pests being surveyed for must be on the target list.

33 2018 CAPS Lepidoptera list Adoxophyes orana Archips xylosteanus Argyresthia pruniella Autographa gamma Chilo partellus Chilo suppressalis Chrysodeixis chalcites Conogethes punctiferalis Crocidosema aporema Cryptoblabes gnidiella Darna pallivitta Dendrolimus pini Dendrolimus punctatus Dendrolimus sibiricus Summer fruit tortrix moth Variegated golden tortrix Cherry blossom moth Silver Y moth Maize and jowar borer Asiatic rice borer Golden twin spot moth Castor capsule borer Bud borer Christmas berry webworm Nettle caterpillar Pine-tree lappet Masson pine moth Siberian silk moth

34 2018 CAPS Lepidoptera list Enarmonia formosana Epiphyas postvittana Eupoecilia ambiguella Grapholita funebrana Helicoverpa armigera Leucoptera malifoliella Lobesia botrana Lymantria albescens Lymantria dispar asiatica Lymantria dispar japonica Lymantria mathura Lymantria monacha Lymantria umbrosa Mamestra brassicae Panolis flammea Cherry bark tortrix Light brown apple moth European grape berry moth Plum fruit moth Old world bollworm Pear leaf blister moth European grapevine moth Okinawa gypsy moth Asian gypsy moth Japanese gypsy moth Rosy moth Nun moth Hokkaido gypsy moth Cabbage moth Pine beauty moth

35 2018 CAPS Lepidoptera list Paysandisia archon Pieris brassicae Spodoptera littoralis Spodoptera litura Stenoma catenifer Tecia solanivora Thaumatotibia leucotreta Thaumetopoea pityocampa Thaumetopoea processionea Tortrix viridana Tuta absoluta South American palm borer Large white butterfly Egyptian cottonworm Cotton cutworm Avocado seed moth Guatemalan potato moth False codling moth Pine processionary moth Oak processionary moth Green oak tortrix Tomato leafminer

36 PPQ Surveys Leguminivora glycinivorella Epiphyas postvittana Lobesia botrana Adoxophyes orana Cydia funebrana Archips xylosteanus

37 PPQ Surveys Dendrolimus superans Dendrolimus pini Lymantriamathura

38 Port Surveys Autographa gamma Chrysodeixis chalcites Mamestra brassicae Spodoptera litura

39 PPQ Port Surveys Conogethes punctiferalis Eudocima fullonia Leucoma salicis Helicoverpa armigera

40 Farm Bill Competitive grant-like application process. Intended to address new and emerging problems. Goal 3 specifically tailored to address exotic pests. Includes: trapping, trap development, ID tools, molecular tools, and taxonomic revision.

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43 idtools.org

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45 Thank You