MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Transcription

1 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Hello and welcome back to InterpreterPrep.com! We are going to be covering the Male Reproductive System in this presentation. This means we will be talking about the male sexual organs. It will be a most intimate part of our course. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM is made up by: 1) THE TESTICLES 2) THE DUCTS 3) THE ACCESSORY GLANDS: THE SEMINAL VESICLES PROSTATE COWPERS GLANDS 4) THE PENIS 1) TESTICLES aka TESTES: The testicles are 2 walnut size glands located in a pouch-like structure made of skin and muscle called the SCROTUM. If you follow the scrotum straight up it ends at and is attached to the in between the legs area called the perineum. In the fetus the testicles are located in the abdomen, up near the kidneys. A couple of months before birth the testicles come down through the inguinal canal (which is located in the groin) to occupy the scrotum. Testicles need a lower temperature than the rest of the body to make sperm and that's why that happens, they come down to cool down. The testicles are: The primary organs of the male reproductive system because it is where sperm is made. The testicle is full of tiny tubes all coiled up called SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES where sperm is made and stored. They are also endocrine organs because they secrete the male hormones called ANDROGENS (like for example, TESTOSTERONE) into the bloodstream. Androgens are responsible for the changes that transform boy into man originating the SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS like: facial, axillary, and pubic hair, a deeper voice, larger muscles and maturation of sperm. 2) DUCTS: the TESTICLE dangles from a cord-like structure which contains the blood vessels and nerves called the SPERMATIC CORD. Now all those tiny tubules we had mentioned before: the seminiferous tubules drain to the EPIDIDYMIS. The epididymis is the place where the sperm mature and it drains into the VAS DEFERENS which rises into the pelvis through the inguinal canal and then hops over the ureter and goes into the prostate, where it changes its name to ejaculatory duct before connecting to the urethra where it ends. In other words, the sperm will travel through this sperm freeway : going through:

2 1) The epididymis 2) The vas deferens 3) The ejaculatory duct- and finally into 4) The urethra-through which they exit the body. 3) ACCESSORY GLANDS: - SEMINAL VESICLES: Located behind the bladder the seminal vesicles empty their secretions into the vas deferens. These secretions make up most of the semen. - PROSTATE GLAND: The prostate surrounds the urethra and has a duct that discharges its milky secretions into the urethra. Its secretions help neutralize the acidity of the vagina and help the sperm move better. The muscular action of the prostate also helps to squeeze out the semen during ejaculation. - COWPERS GLANDS (aka the Bulbourethral glands): provide a lubricating fluid to aid in penetration during intercourse. The sum of the secretions of these 3 glands make up the total volume of semen. A single EJACULATION goes anywhere from 1.5 to 6 cubic centimeters (a teaspoon has 5 cc). 4) PENIS: Is the male organ of COPULATION. It is sausage-shaped and hangs in front of the scrotum. The head of the penis is called the GLANS and is naturally covered by retractable skin known as the FORESKIN unless it has been removed surgically at birth through a procedure known as CIRCUMCISION. The urethra (musculomembranous tube used to urinate) runs throughout the bottom part of the penis and normally opens at the tip of the glans, opening known as: URINARY MEATUS. The body of the penis is made of erectile tissue which means that these tissues fill up with blood in times of sexual excitement, increasing the size and firmness of the penis (ERECTION) making PENETRATION possible. SOME SIGNS OF DISEASE 1) TESTICULAR PAIN 2) ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION aka IMPOTENCE: impossibility to obtain or maintain an erection 3) ITCH 4) ENLARGED TESTICLE 5) PAINFUL URINATION/ BURNING: burning sensation when urinating 6) NOCTURIA: having to get up at night to go to the bathroom frequently 7) DRIBBLING: dripping urine after having stopped urinating 8) WEAK STREAM: means that the urine comes out with less force. 9) FREQUENCY: increase in urinary frequency means the patient goes to bathroom to urinate more often. 10) URGENCY: need to go NOW! Can't wait!

3 SOME DISEASES 1) BALANITIS: Before we say any more, please remember that the suffix: ITIS = INFLAMMATION. Anything that ends in itis means that it's inflamed. In this case it means that the glans and the skin around it is red and inflamed. 2) CRYPTORCHIDISM: means that one of the testicles didn't make it down to the scrotum. Remember we had said that in the fetus the testicle is located in the abdomen. This condition needs to be corrected surgically because the testicle that is still up inside is at increased risk to develop testicle cancer. 3) PROSTATITIS : inflammation of the prostate caused by bacterial infection or IDIOPATHIC (fancy medical term for we don't know what's causing it!) 4) BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH) aka PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY: If you can remember HYPER = MORE and PLASIA = GROWTH it is clear that what's happened is that, over time, the PROSTATE ENLARGES. Since the urethra is surrounded by the prostate, it starts to get squeezed! This makes it harder for the bladder to empty its urine into the urethra giving way to symptoms like : STRAINING (increased difficulty to start urinating) A weak stream, dribbling and Frequency, since less urine comes out- leaving more residual urine in the bladderthe bladder fills up again quickly (patient always looking for a bathroom). 5) PROSTATE CANCER: It is the most frequent cancer in men. Second cause of cancer deaths in MEN (#1 is lung cancer). Can give same symptoms as BPH. 6) TESTICULAR CANCER: generally detected as a non-tender (doesn't hurt) lump in a testicle. 7) EPISPADIAS and HYPOSPADIAS: Is a birth defect where instead of the urethra opening at the tip of the penis it opens on the upper side or underside of the penis. 8) EPIDIDYMITIS: Is the inflammation of the epididymis. Generally caused by STDs: like infection by chlamydia for example. It can spread down to the testicle (ORCHITIS). Orchitis is the inflammation of the testicle. Testicle is tender in both conditions. Orchitis can also occur as a complication of Mumps. 9) PHIMOSIS: means that the uncircumcised foreskin is too snug, can't be pulled back. 10) VARICOCELE: means that the veins in the spermatic cord have dilated. Veins may be palpated (scrotum feels like a bag of worms ). May reduce fertility. Men with fertility problems and varicocele may consider surgery. 11) HYDROCELE: means there is liquid in the scrotum. 12) TESTICULAR TORSION: testicle suffers a twist and the blood flow to the testicle is compromised (ischemia). Testicle starts to hurt a lot and swells up. Medical Emergency to save testicle by restoring blood supply to testicle.

4 SOME DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 1) RECTAL EXAMINATION: doctor introduces his finger into rectum and is able to feel the prostate through the wall of the rectum and can tell if it's enlarged or if there is an area of hardness in the prostate. 2) LABS: PSA LEVEL: is a blood test to detect a substance produced by the prostate called : PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN. May signal prostate cancer when elevated. Elevated levels of HCG: HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN : seen in some forms of testicular cancer. 3) RECTAL ULTRASOUND: uses a special TRANSDUCER (part that emits the sound waves) introduced through the rectum to obtain images of the prostate. At the same time a needle biopsy can be done to obtain tissue samples (called an ULTRASOUND-GUIDED BIOPSY)! The needle is guided by ultrasound and passed through the rectum and into the prostate. 4) URINE FLOW STUDIES: patient urinates into a structure that looks like a walker with a toilet bowl attached to it and the speed and strength of the stream of urine can be measured. 5) CYSTOSCOPY: remember when we talked about colonoscopy? Well in this case they use a small scope to go in through the urethra which helps locate obstruction and see the bladder too ( cysto means bladder). 6) BONE SCAN: test done to look for metastasis. 7) SPERMOGRAM: the patient is asked to provide a sample of his semen which is sent for analysis to determine if his sperm has normal form and mobility. Indicated for couples with fertility issues. SOME TREATMENTS: 1) CREAMS: that contain corticosteroids and/or antibiotics (to treat balanitis) 2) ANTI-ANDROGENS: block androgens and shrink prostate ( e.g. FINASTERIDE) 3) ALPHA BLOCKERS: Alpha blockers act by relaxing smooth muscle (loosens up the bladder neck) which reduces the obstruction to the flow of urine. The GENERIC DRUG: TAMSULOSIN sold under the BRAND NAME: Flomax is an example. The major SIDE EFFECT of alpha blockers is ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION (person gets dizzy when getting up). 4) TURP (stands for: TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE): Surgeon operates prostate by using a small endoscope (resectoscope) introduced through the urethra. 5) ANTIBIOTICS: used to treat infections (e.g. epididymitis)

5 6) VASECTOMY: male birth control method. Done by cutting and sealing the vas deferens. Generally not reversible. 7) LUPRON (leuprolide): given in the form of a monthly injection. Reduces production of sexual hormones (androgen and estrogen). Some tumors depend on these sexual hormones to grow so when they don't get them they shrink or slow their growth. Used for prostate cancer. 8) SURGERY AND RADIATION : used for cancer like : RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY: Radical when next to a surgery's name means total removal of. Has drawbacks such as impotence and urinary incontinence (involuntary leakage of urine can occur). Prostate surgery can be: - Laparoscopic or - Open (open = regular incision through the skin) RADIOACTIVE SEEDS: is a form of internal radiation therapy used to treat prostate cancer. It's done by implanting a radioactive substance in the body close to the tumor. All outcomes are better in early stage cancer. The specialist who treats these diseases is called a UROLOGIST. Urologists treat the diseases of the male reproductive system (something like a male gynecologist ) and also the diseases of the urinary system in both men and women. TERMINOLOGY REVIEW. Now it's time for review so let's go over the terminology mentioned in this presentation in English and in the target language. 1) TESTICLES: testículos 2) SCROTUM: escroto 3) SPERM: esperma: semen 4) TESTOSTERONE: testosterona 5) DUCTS: conductos 6) SPERMATIC CORD: cordón espermático 7) EPIDIDYMIS: epidídimo 8) VAS DEFERENS : conducto deferente 9) URETHRA: uretra 10) SEMINAL VESICLES: vesículas seminales 11) SEMEN: semen 12) PROSTATE: próstata 13) LUBRICATION: lubricación 14) EJACULATION: eyaculación 15) PENIS: pene 16) GLANS: glande 17) FORESKIN: prepucio 18) CIRCUMCISION: circuncisión 19) ERECTION: erección 20) PENETRATION: penetración 21) TESTICLE PAIN: dolor de testículo 22) ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: impotencia 23) ITCH: comezón 24) ENLARGED TESTICLE: testículo agrandado 25) PAINFUL URINATION: dolor al orinar

6 26) BURNING: ardor 27) DRIBBLING: goteo 28) WEAK STREAM: chorro débil 29) FREQUENCY: micción frecuente 30) URGENCY: urgencia urinaria, necesidad imperiosa de orinar 31) BALANITIS: balanitis 32) CRYPTORCHIDISM: criptorquidia 33) PROSTATITIS: prostatitis 34) IDIOPATHIC: idiopático, de causa desconocida 35) BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH): (HPB) hiperplasia prostática benigna 36) STRAIN: esforzarse 37) EPISPADIAS: epispadias 38) HYPOSPADIAS: hipospadias 39) EPIDIDYMITIS: epididimitis 40) ORCHITIS: orquitis 41) TENDER: sensible 42) PHIMOSIS: fimosis 43) VARICOCELE: varicocele 44) HYDROCELE: hidrocele 45) TESTICULAR TORSION: torsión de testículo 46) RECTAL EXAMINATION: tacto rectal 47) HARDNESS: dureza 48) LABS: análisis 49) PSA (PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN): antígeno prostático especifico 50) RECTAL ULTRASOUND: ecografía/ ultrasonido transrectal 51) TRANSDUCER: transductor 52) ULTRASOUND-GUIDED BIOPSY: biopsia guiada por ecografía/ ultrasonido 53) URINE FLOW STUDIES: estudios de urodinamia 54) CYSTOSCOPY: cistoscopía 55) BONE SCAN: centellografía ósea, gammagrafía ósea 56) CREAMS: cremas 57) ANTIANDROGEN: antiandrógeno 58) BRAND NAME: nombre comercial 59) GENERIC DRUG: medicamento genérico 60) SIDE EFFECT: efecto secundario 61) TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE (TURP): prostatectomía transuretral 62) VASECTOMY: vasectomía 63) RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY: prostatectomía radical 64) OPEN PROSTATECTOMY: prostatectomía abierta 65) RADIOACTIVE SEEDS: braquiterapia, implante radioactivo 66) REMISSION: remisión 67) OUTCOME: resultado 68) EARLY STAGE CANCER: cáncer en estadío inicial 69) SPERMOGRAM: espermograma 70) UROLOGIST: urólogo In this presentation we have gone over many terms related to UROLOGY and REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE while we discussed the anatomy of the male reproductive system. Signs and symptoms of

7 sickness, diseases, diagnostic procedures and some treatments were also discussed. At the end of the presentation a list of 70 related terms were provided in English and the target language for you to review. I hope you've enjoyed this lesson and come away with a better understanding of the field of UROLOGY and REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE and the terms related to these fields of medicine. Thank you for choosing InterpreterPrep.com