LECTURE 4. Anatomy of the urinary and genital organs.

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1 LECTURE 4 Anatomy of the urinary and genital organs.

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6 SKELETOTOPY OF THE KIDNEYS Left kidney upper pole of the kidney - ThXI lower pole of the kidney LIII Right kidney is located on the half vertebra below

7 Left kidney protrude from under lower rib on the 1/2 Right kidney protrude from under the lower ribs on the 2/3

8 SYNTOPY OF THE KIDNEYS

9 Renal bed

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11 Gross Renal Anatomy Kidneys covered by capsule Fibrous capsule Semi-transparent fibrous connective tissue Can be seen on cadaver as a white layer Layer of adipose connective tissue Renal fascia that anchors kidney to abdominal wall & peritoneum

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15 Complex of the structures is responsible for fixation of the kidneys in place: - the renal fascia - the renal bed - the renal vessels - the intra-abdominal pressure - the peritoneal ligaments

16 Gross Renal Anatomy Bisect the kidney and you see some key gross anatomical features: Renal cortex (outermost portion of the kidney that covers the pyramids and dips down between them) Renal medulla (middle portion that also divides into renal pyramids) Renal pyramids separated by renal columns (portion of the cortex between pyramids)

17 Renal lobe

18 Renal (cortical) lobule Pars radiata Pars convoluta

19 Nephron - structural and functional unit of the kidney, there occurs the formation of urine. URINE The main component of the nephron - renal corpuscle. They formed primary urine (up to 150 liters daily)

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22 Three Functions of Urine Formation

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26 Microscopic Renal Anatomy

27 Collecting Tubules (Collecting ducts) Collecting tubules Receive urine from distal convoluted tubules

28 Ureters Carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder Oblique entry into bladder prevents backflow of urine Histology of ureter Mucosa transitional epithelium Muscularis two layers Inner longitudinal layer Outer circular layer Adventitia typical connective tissue

29 Constrictions of the ureter: place out of the pelvis bend over the boundary line of the pelvis place of a confluence into the bladder Parts of the ureter: - pars abdominalis - pars pelvica - pars intra muralis Flexures of the ureter: flexura renalis flexura marginalis flexura vesicalis

30 URINARY BLADDER

31 Urinary Bladder A collapsible muscular sac Stores and expels urine Full bladder spherical (expands into the abdominal cavity) Empty bladder lies entirely within the pelvis

32 Topography of the urinary bladder

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34 Ontogenesis Embryo develops three pairs of kidneys Pronephros Mesonephros Metanephros Only metanephros persists to become the adult kidneys Metanephric kidney produces urine by fetal month three Contributes to the volume of amniotic fluid

35 Neural tube Nephrotome stage 1 Somite (7-14) Stage 1 - Pronephros (3 rd week) - Vascular glomeruli are not associated with secretory tubules, - Urine is filtered into the coelom - Excretory tubules also open into the coelom - Operates 2 days, then reduced

36 Mesonefric duct (Wolfian duct) Somite 9-26 Stage 2 - Mesonephros (4 th week) Formed semblance of renal corpuscles: vascular glomeruli are immersed in a capsule associated with excretory tubules. Excretory ducts open into mesonefric duct, opening into the cloaca. Operates 2,5-3 month, then reduced.

37 Stage 3 - Metanephros Metanephros is developed by the end of 3 rd months from 2 primordia: - metanephrogenic blastema - metanefric diverticulum

38 METANEPHROS metanefric diverticulum metanephrogenic blastema - Renal pelvis - Capsule renal corpuscles - Renal calyces - Loop of Henle - Papillary ducts - Convoluted tubules - Collecting ducts - Ureter

39 Development of the Urinary Organs

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43 Congenital polycystic kidney

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52 Supported by the broad ligament, round ligaments, uterosacral ligaments, lateral cervical ligaments, and others.

53 Perineum - complex muscles and fascia, closing the pelvic outlet

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57 Thank you for your attention!