We are in energy crisis. Why are so many of us profoundly fatigued and obesity and metabolic syndrome on the increase? On any given day, one in five

Transcription

1 Energy In Practice

2 Energy Crisis? We are in energy crisis. Why are so many of us profoundly fatigued and obesity and metabolic syndrome on the increase? On any given day, one in five of us is feeling unusually fatigued, while one in 10 has persistent low energy, sufficient to undermine quality of life and day-to-day functioning. So often the symptoms are sub-clinical and wrapped up in the complexities of energy homeostasis and the wider picture of stress and environmental demand. In this presentation, we re going to try to pick apart that complexity and see if we can find some solutions to the personal energy crisis with which many of us are faced.

3 Key Factors Environmental Demand Activity Regulation Endocrine Regulation Circulation and Delivery Cellular Respiration

4 Autonomic Response States Sympathetic Activity Mode Fight or flight Stimulates sweat, increased blood flow, constriction to peripheral vessels, bronchodilation, decreased digestion, bladder smooth muscle relaxation, glucose release ANS Paarasympathetic Restorative Mode Rest and Recuperation Stimulates pupillary constriction, decreased blood flow to skeletal, increased to gut, bronchoconstriction, increased digestion. Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary or visceral bodily functions such as cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive function

5 L-Theanine L-Theanine blocks binding of glutamic acid to receptors and has an inhibitory effect on brain activity. It increases production of alpha waves 1 and attention span during the execution of mental tasks 2. It increases serotonin and dopamine production 3. It decreases anxiety and stress-related blood-pressure 4. It decreases noradrenaline and reduces physiological and psychological stress responses 5. 1 Ito K et al. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 1998;72: Lardner et al Nutr Neurosci 2013 Jul 23 (epub ahead of print) 3 L-Theanine - monograph Altern Med Review 2005;10(2): Yoto et al. J Physiol Anthropol 2012;1(1):28 4 Kimura K et al. Biol Pscyhol 2007;74(1):39-45 Unno K et al. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013;16(111C):

6 O t hers Lecithin - contains phosphatidyl serine, a phospholipid component of cell membranes, which has a selective stress dampening effect on the HPA axis, suggesting its potential in the treatment of stress related disorders 1. L-Tryptophan - is an essential amino acid acting as a building block for protein biosynthesis. It is a precursor for serotonin, melatonin and also niacin 2. Magnesium taurate - magnesium reduces HPA overactivity and improves sleep patterns 3. Taurine is a potent activator of GABA receptors in the thalamus 4. Essential Fats - Women who followed a Mediterranean diet with high monounsaturated fatty acid intake showed lower HPA axis disturbances 5. 1 Hellhammer J et al. Stress 2004;7(2): Schaechter. Brain Res. 532 (1 2): Held K et al. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002;35(4): Jia et al. J Neurosci January 2;28(): García-Prietoet al. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) Feb;66(2):

7 NT I ntensive A unique high potency powder combination to support a balanced nervous system. Intensive powder for high potency support. In sachets for convenience and maximum flexibility. Multiple body system support to enhance function, boost delivery and provide antioxidants. Use singly or in combination to suit client needs. Great taste and easy to mix into liquids. Magnesium 100mg Taurine 1050mg Lecithin 1000mg Lemon Balm Extract (as Cyracos ) 600mg L-Theanine 200mg L-Tryptophan 200mg NT Intensive Intensive Support for Nervous Balance with lemon balm, theanine, magnesium taurate, lecithin & tryptophan 14/28 Sachets [p. Addendum]

8 O t her Products NT 188 Nervous health complex GABA Promoting Glutamic acid, chamomile & B vitamins 60 size/2 caps daily [p. 160] Phosphatidyl Serine Serotonin Promoting 5- Hydroxytrytophan 50mg 60 size/1-2 caps daily [p. 157] 5-HTP Forms part of cell membrane structure Promotes receptiveness of cells to neurotransmitters and hormones eg cortisol 30 size/2 caps daily [p. 161]

9 Key Factors Environmental Demand Activity Regulation Endocrine Regulation Circulation and Delivery Cellular Respiration

10 Endocrine Regulation The endocrine system governs when, how and where energy is metabolised. Healthy endocrine function exerts a huge impact on energy homeostasis and hormone imbalances can result in impaired energy production. Key Systems: Regulation of Blood Glucose Adrenal Hormone Regulation Thyroid Hormone Regulation Increase Supply ADRENALS Increase Rate THYROID Macronutrient Intake FOOD Delivery of Fuel to Cells BLOOD SUGAR Conversion to Energy MITOCHONDRIA

11 Blood G lucose Regulation Stimulates glucose uptake by cells INSULIN Cells Blood Glucose Regulation Stimulates release of glucose AND stimulates excess to be stored Pancreas GLUCAGON Blood glucose normally 90mg per 100ml Excess glucose converted to glycogen (stored in the liver) or fat (stored in adipose tissue)

12 Chromium Chromium improves glycaemic control through its action on cell insulin receptors 1 and reduces insulin resistance 2. It therefore can prevent hypoglycemia 3 and reduce fatigue 4. It also increases lean body mass and basal metabolic rate 5 and attenuates body weight gain in type 2 diabetic patients 6. Long term, it reduces the risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes 7. 1 Broadhurst et al. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2006;8(6): Wang et al. Diabetes Care Aug;29(8): Anderson et al. Fed Proc 1984;43: Cheng et al. The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine, 1999; 12: Crawford Vet al. Diabet Obes Metab 1999;1: Pittler et al. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(4): Hummel Met al. Horm Metab Res. 2007; 39(10):

13 O t her Nutrients Magnesium plays a central role in ATP production by forming ATP complexes and can prevent blood sugar levels falling excessively 1. Vitamin B3 works alongside chromium in insulin regulation and improves glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes 2. Manganese is required for energy metabolism, sensitises cells to insulin, and as been found to be 50% lower in diabetics 3. Cinnamon contains polyphenol MHCP which mimics insulin, improving glucose metabolism some 20-fold, and reducing blood sugar levels and lipids in subjects with type 2 diabetes 4. L-Alanine converts to pyruvate and is therefore critical for the production of energy, improves glucose metabolism 5 and enhances exercise performance 6. 1 Stebbing et al. Magnesium Bull 1982;2: Chen et al Molecular Endocrinology (4): Gaby et al. J Advancement Med 1991;4: Khan et al Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26(12): Brennan et Diabetes 2002;51(6): Walter et al. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24(5):

14 Cortisol Response t o Stress Bodily resources become strained Increased nutritional demands Cortisol, DHEA Adrenal Fatigue Increase in adrenal output Adrenals Decrease in adrenal output Chronic Stress Cortisol, DHEA Increases in chronic psychological and physical stress induces a negative physiological response.

15 Adrenal Support Siberian Ginseng is an adaptogenic herb that enhances mental acuity and physical endurance 1. Panax (Korean) Ginseng is a more potent adaptogenic herb with anti-fatigue properties and improves energy, stamina and mental performance 2. Licorice reduces enzymatic breakdown of cortisol and DHEA 3. Vitamin B5 is involved manufacture of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and steroid hormones like cortisol 4. Vitamin C reduces blood pressure, cortisol, and response to acute psychological stress 5. Phosphatidyl serine reduces excess cortisol by improving HPA feedback 6. 1 Farnsworth Eco & Medicinal Plant Research Mucalo et al. Coll Antropol (4): Al-Dujaili Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011;336(1-2). 4 Fidanza Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1983;24: 4 Selishchev J Clin Res 1998;1: Brody et al..psychopharmacology 2002 Jan;159(3): Monteleone et al. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;42(4):385-8.

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17 Thyroid Hormones T4 is synthesised from tyrosine and iodine. 5 deiodinase enzyme transforms T4 to T3 (selenium, zinc, copper-dependent 1 ). A cell needs 5-7 times as much T4 to have the same physiological effect as T32. T3 exerts immediate effect but has a shorter half-life. The ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is roughly 20:1. Conversion is affected by: high free radical activity, heavy metal toxicity (esp. Cd, Hg, Pb), chronic illness, mineral deficiency, low protein and/or excess carbohydrates, excess fatty acids, excess cortisol, diabetes and compromised liver function. Sometimes the body converts T4 to Reverse T3 (RT3) to conserve energy. RT3 can block thyroxin receptors and cause a type of hypothyroidism even when thyroxin levels look adequate on testing. Triiodothyronine (T3) 5 deiodinase Thyroxine (T4) Tyrosine/Iodine 1 Schomburg et al. Mol Nutr Food Res Nov;52(11): Marshall et al.clinical Chemistry th Edition. Elsevier Health Services

18 Supporting t he Thyroid Iodine is a component of T3 and T4. Deficiency is linked to hypothyroidism 1. Tyrosine is a precursor to thyroid hormones and supports adaptation to stressful situations 2. Glycine supports thyroid hormone synthesis 3. Selenium Three different selenium dependent deiodinases (types I, II, and III) can activate and deactivate thyroid hormone by acting on T3, T4 or other metabolites 4. Selenium deficiency can exacerbate the effects of iodine deficiency and excess. Zinc - Thyroid hormones affect zinc metabolism and deficiency affects thyroid function and decreased thyroid hormone levels 5. 1 Thilly et al. Am J Clin Nutr l 1993;57(2 Suppl):267S 70S. 2 Banderet et al. Brain Res Bull 3 Riley, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) Aquaculture Nutrition 1996;2(4): Rayman. Lancet 2000; 356(9225): Ertek S et al Hormones (Athens) 2010;9(3):263-8

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20 Key Factors Environmental Demand Activity Regulation Endocrine Regulation Circulation and Delivery Cellular Respiration

21 Nitric Oxide Nitric oxide (NO), also known as endothelieum-derived-relaxing factor, signals the surrounding smooth muscle in blood vessels to relax. This induces vasodilation and increased blood flow 1, as well as reduced platelet aggregation, decreased blood pressure, improved transmission of nerve signals 2 and memory 3, triggering erections in men, and immune regulation 4. The NO system has an important influence on the endocrine stress response 5. It is also well established that the nitric oxide system makes a key contribution to sleep cycles (slow-wave sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, REM sleep) 6. Populations living at high altitudes produce higher levels of NO to help avoid hypoxia. Webb et al Hypertension (3): Christopherson et al. J clinical investigation 1997,100: Silverman. Accounts of chemical research 2009,42: Hou, YC et al. Current pharmaceutical design 1999; 5 (6): Orlando et al. Amino acids 2008:35: Cespuglio et al. Sleep Med Rev 2012,16(3):265-79

22 Arginine Arginine is an amino acid precursor to synthesis of NO 1 and improves the body s ability to metabolise glucose by as much as 40% 2. Arginine can also help to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive individuals 3 and can be a useful aid in accelerating healing of injuries 4. It can also help moderate effects of stress, reduce anxiety and decrease cortisol 5. Arginine taken in combination with pine bark has been shown to be beneficial in treatment of erectile dysfunction 6. 1 Andrew, et al. Cardiovascular Research 1999; 43 (3): Clemmensen et al. Endocrinology 2013 epub 19 3 Dong et al. American Heart Journal 162 (6): Stechmiller et al. Nutrition in Clinical Practice (13): Smriga et al. Institute of Life Sciences (2): Stanislavov, et al. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 29 (3):

23 Citrulline Used in isolation, citrulline seems to produce equal or better results than arginine 1 as it is not subject to presystemic elimination 2. Citrulline is safe as a treatment for mildmoderate erectile dysfunction 3. Arginine is normally converted to citrulline but it can be converted back to arginine. By supplementing both citrulline and arginine, it s possible to create a stacking effect and potentially NO synthesis can be maintained over a longer period of time. L-Arginine PAD Enzyme PAD Enzyme L-Citrulline NO 1Schwedhelm et al. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008,65(1): ureda A et al. Med Sport Sci 2012,59: Cormio L et al. Urology 2011,77(1):119-22

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25 Key Factors Environmental Demand Activity Regulation Endocrine Regulation Circulation and Delivery Cellular Respiration

26 How the Cell Creates Energy Glycolysis Glucose ATP PROTEIN FAT Mg B3 B6, B12 Carnitine Aerobic Pyruvic Acid Anaerobic Lactate B5 ACETYL CO-A (O 2 ) CITRIC ACID CYCLE Mg, P, Fe, B1 B2, B3, B5, S NADH FADH ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Mg CoQ Se S Cu Fe PCr System Phosphocreatine Oxidative Phosphorylation ATP P + Creatine ADP ATP

27 Supporting Chronic Fatigue Vitamins B2 and B3 are needed for synthesis of NADH and FADH2 1. Supplemented NADH has been shown to improve symptoms of ME/CFS 2. Magnesium is commonly insufficient in CFS sufferers 3 and magnesium malate may help to reduce fibromyalgia and muscle weakness 4. CoQ10 forms part of complex III in the electron transport chain 5. Carnitine deficiency is common in CFS it contributes to increased physical and cognitive capacity 6. N-acetyl cysteine supports mitochondrial protection and function 7. D-ribose can directly synthesise ATP and reduces symptoms of CFS 8. Citrulline improves nitric oxide deficiency-related manifestations of mitochondrial diseases 9. 1 Depeint et al. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2006;163(1-2):27. 2 Forsyth. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999;82: Myhill et al. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2009;2(1): Russell et al. J Rheumatol May;22(5): Maes M, et al. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009;30(4): Malaguarnera, et al AJCN ;6 86, Moreira et al. J Alzheimers Dis Sep;12(2): Teitelbaum et al J Altern Complement Med Nov;12(9): El-Hattab et al. Mol Genet Metab 2012;107(3):

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29 Supporting Cellular Replenishment Creatine is useful during and after exercise, to replenish energy stores. Alongside water, creatine may also support hydration. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus repletion is advised following intense activity 1. Sodium and potassium often become imbalanced in times of stress 2, negatively affecting cell function and energy production. Magnesium and malic acid are critical to ATP production under aerobic and hypoxic conditions 3. 1 Sejersted et al. Physiol Rev Oct;80(4): Wilson. Adrenal Fatigue - the 21st century stress syndrome 2001 Smart publications CA USA 3 Abraham et al. J Nutritional & Environmental medicine 1992,3(1):49-59

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