4. Chanda, S. et al. (2012) evaluated the antioxidant potential of Manilkara zapota (L.)

Transcription

1 Review of Literature: 1. Seshadri et al. (2010) screened the methanolic and acetone extracts of Manilkara zapota (L.) seeds for antibacterial activity along with two other plant seeds against various gram positive and gram negative organisms using disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also performed using micro broth dilution method. The extracts exhibited bactericidal action at an MIC value of approximately 1.5 mg/ml. Acetone extracts of the seeds revealed the presence of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, phenols and flavonoids which could be attributed to its antimicrobial activity. 2. Chanda, SV. et al. (2010) evaluated the antioxidant potential of Manilkara zapota (L.) leaves extract obtained by sequential extraction with different polarities of solvents using four in vitro assay methods and revealed that acetone extract could serve as a potential free radical scavenger in preventing human diseases like cancer, ageing and cardiovascular diseases. Presence of high phenolic content attributed the antioxidant activities of the acetone extract. The work also suggests that the researchers to evaluate more than one methods to determine the antioxidant potential of the extract. 3. Islam et al. (2012) screened ethanol extract of Manilkara zapota (L.) leaves for antioxidant activity both in vitro using various assay methods and in vivo using CCl 4 mediated hepatotoxicity model. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was also determined. The results reveal potential anti-oxidant activity of M. zapota leaves extract with an IC 50 value of 68.27μg/ml and hepatoprotective activity at a high dose of 300mg/kg. Presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds could be attributed to show the above therapeutic properties although the isolation of these components was not done. 4. Chanda, S. et al. (2012) evaluated the antioxidant potential of Manilkara zapota (L.) leaves extract obtained by sequential soxhlet extraction method using four different solvents as well as antimicrobial activity against fifteen microbial strains. Four different methods to determine the antioxidant activity was performed. Also the phenolic and flavonoid content was determined. The results revealed a remarkable anti-oxidant activity and broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against gram positive microbes including Staphylococcus epidermidis. The research concluded that phenolic compounds were responsible for its antioxidant activity in the most promising acetone extract. Page 1

2 5. Shazly et al. (2012) screened alcoholic and aqueous extracts of M. zapota (L.) Van Royen leaves grown in Egypt for phytochemical investigations as well as the biological actions like antihyperglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, and antioxidant activities. Isolation of five phenolic compounds was performed from the petroleum and ethyl acetate fractions of the hydroalcohol extract of leaves using IR, UV, MS, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR. The results put forth the presence of flavonoids, phenols and unsaturated fatty acids in the leaves extract. For the first time he has reported the identified isolated compounds as lupeol acetate, oleanolic acid, apigenin-7-o-α-l-rhamnoside and caffeic acid as well as earlier reported myricetin-3-o- α-l-rhamnoside. The plant also exhibited various therapeutic advantages. 6. Nanjian. (2012) filed a patent application at Indian Patent office 5098/CHE/2012 related to the invention of a process for extracting a novel flavonoid from Manilkara zapota indicating the presence of polyphenolic constituents in the plant. 7. Balakrishnan et al. (2011) emphasized the botanicals as the source of actives in cosmetic formulations in preventing photo-aging and skin cancer to overcome the skin reactions associated with synthetic sunscreen agents. The review also put forth a possible strategy for preventing the photo ageing and skin cancer including application of plant extracts with potential UV absorbing capacity and antioxidant activity. 8. Maithri et al. (2012) evaluated the in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and radio protective activity of constituents from medicinal plants and its formulation development, the sun protection factor determined using UV spectrophotometer was seen highest upto 40 for their crude extract whereas upto 26 for their cream product. The creams were further characterized for their cosmetic utility. 9. Onoue et al. (2006) reported the methodology to predict the photosensitive/phototoxic potential of pharmaceutical substances based on lipid peroxidation of biological cells leading to malonaldehyde on exposure to UV radiations. This test could be helpful in determining the photo stability of the extract. 10. Rowe et al. (1989) reported the methodology to detect phototoxic activity in plant specimens associated with primary photosensitization in livestock using a simple microbiological test. As the mechanism involves affecting the growth of microbe seeded agar in presence of phototoxic compound, this test could be helpful in determining the photo stability of the extract. Page 2

3 11. Oresajo et al. (2010) demonstrated experimentally that a combination of anti-oxidants and sunscreens can complement each other to provide superior photo protection. Methodology included the determination of biomarkers of skin damage using immunohistochemistry in normal human volunteers. 12. Bambal et al. (2011) evaluated the sunscreen activity of herbal cream containing flower extracts of Nyctanthes arbortristis L. and Tagetes erecta L. by determining the sun protection factor thereby concluding them to contribute significant UV absorbing properties compared to synthetic UV absorbers. 13. Gregoris et al. (2011) revealed Propolis, bee glue to be a potential sunscreen agent by virtue of its combined photo protective and antioxidant effects. This could not only provide a wide photo protection action but also avoid the oxidative damage to the skin tissues and cells. The effectiveness against UV A and UV B is assumed due to the polyphenol contents. 14. Korac et al. (2011) put forth that the complex composition of the herb extracts can offer better skin protection compared to isolated compound and the synthetic sunscreen agents. As it provides a synergistic action, crude extracts could be more useful. 15. Saraf et al. (2010) revealed that phytoconstituents could be the novel molecules to provide photo protection in the cosmetic formulations as they can prevent skin damage and delay the photo ageing phenomenon. 16. Hans et al. (2008) revealed that photo activation may induce photo toxicity in many day to day used cosmetic formulations which are generally nontoxic or less toxic per se thus sunlight exposure should be avoided in such case to reduce undesirable reactions. Research was conducted to assess ten lipsticks and eight facial creams for photo toxicity using four different assays involving exposure to sunlight. Results thereby concluded that six out of ten lipsticks and five out of eight facial creams generate singlet oxygen and superoxide anion under sunlight exposure. 17. Shenoy et al. (2013) reported the methodology to screen the sunscreen activity of the herbal extracts like Pongammia pinnata using simple spectrophotometric analysis. The methodology was based on measurement of UV absorption spectra at various concentrations. Results revealed a preliminary idea about the potential sunscreen activity of the extract. The conclusions drawn further justifies that presence of flavonoids like Page 3

4 furanoflavones, furanoflavonols, chromoflavones and flavonoid glucosides could be the possibly sunscreen actives. 18. Hojerova et al. (2011) evaluated the photo protective ability and photo stability of fifteen marketed sunscreen products consisting of commonly used sunscreen filters when subjected to natural sunlight to aid the consumers in selecting a suitable product. The results revealed photo instability of seven products all of which contained a combination of ethyl hexyl methoxy cinnamate and butyl methoxy dibenzoyl methane together with other UV filters. 19. Bredholt et al. (1998) reported that a considerable breakdown of the sunscreen agents like octyl methoxy cinnamate was observed on moderate exposure to sun, thus indicating photo-instability of such compounds. The methodology included irradiating the thin film of sunscreen preparation with a sun simulator. 20. Mankovitz, R. (2004) was granted an United States patent, US B2 related to the invention of Plant-based non-toxic sunscreen products consisting of cyanin from anthocyanin and betacyanin to protect the skin against UV radiations. 21. Mitra et al. (2007) was granted an United States patent, US B2 related to the invention of natural sunscreen composition comprising extracts of Hedychium spicatum and/or Alpinia galangal which enhanced the sunscreen activity. 22. Chaudhuri, R. (2003) was granted an United States patent, US A1 related to the invention of photo stabilizing the sunscreen agent avobenzone against photo degradation using external organic anti-oxidant component. This suggests the photo instability of the chemical sunscreen filter avobenzone. 23. Chaudhuri, R. (2004) was granted an United States patent, US B2 related to the invention of photo stabilizing the sunscreen agent avobenzone against photo degradation using external cationic organic antioxidant component. 24. Kale et al. (2010) reported the methodology to determine the in vitro sun protection factor of the essential oil containing formulation indicating its sunscreen potential. The result revealed that the oil obtained from Calotropis gigantea could be used for sunscreen or cosmeceutical purposes since the SPF was found to be approximate closely 1.14 value. Page 4

5 25. Ghoge et al. (2010) reported the formulation requirements of an O/W sunscreen cream consisting of the Nigella sativa L. seed oil and the methodology to determine its sun protection factor using Optometrics LLC SPF-290S analyzer. 26. Wang et al. (2011) reported that the UV induced tissue damage occurring due to oxygen radicals can be scavenged by adding anti-oxidants to UV filter in sunscreen products. This indicates that the UV filters could provide better protection against oxidative damage if combined with anti-oxidants. 27. Luangnarumitchai et al. (2007) evaluated antimicrobial activity of lemongrass against Propionibacterium acne using agar dilution method. The results revealed very high antimicrobial activity of lemongrass oil with an MIC value of 0.125%v/v compared to various other essential oils. 28. Waugh, J. (2007) was granted an United States patent, US A1 related to the invention of developing a composition comprising a skin lightening therapeutic, a sealing layer, a skin cleanser, an astringent, a skin penetration enhancer, a sunscreen, and nutritional supplements that promote healing of acne lesions. 29. Poornima et al. (2012) screened some medicinal plants for anti-acne activity against Propionibacterium acne including lemongrass oil by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration. However the aqueous and ethanolic bark extracts of Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia chebula showed better anti-acne activity. 30. Pandey et al. (2012) reported an in vivo inflammatory model to screen the herbal extracts for its anti-acne properties by injecting heat killed P. acne bacteria in the ears of the Sprague Dawley rats. 31. Aradhya et al. (2007) determined the nutritional value and the antioxidant potential of sapota fruits using extensive quantitative in vitro evaluations. The results revealed high polyphenolic, flavonoids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid contents. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using four in vitro assays. The nutritive value of the sapota juice was not only due to the free radical scavenging potential but also due to its mineral content thereby suggesting the possibility to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition. 32. Srividya et al. (2010) reviewed that Nutraceuticals like antioxidants, dietary fibres, vitamins etc. could be a powerful instrument in maintenance of health so as to act against nutritionally induced acute and chronic diseases thereby promoting quality life. The author Page 5

6 further concluded that nutraceuticals have emerged in clinical practice however important pharmaceutical and clinical issues need to be addressed by further research. 33. Tapas et al. (2008) reviewed that phenolic phytoconstituents such as flavonoids could serve as nutraceutical in combating most degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular complications by virtue of its anti-oxidant and anti-proliferative effects. He also reported that the flavonoid toxicity in animals is very low with a LD 50 of 2-10 gm per animal. Also in humans the recommended dose is less than 1 mg per day. 34. Sarin et al. (2012) reviewed on Nutraceuticals, one of fastest emerging segment in pharmaceutical and food industry emphasizing its benefits in maintaining cost effective healthy lifestyle. He also mentioned about the traditional and non-traditional foods. Traditional nutraceuticals being simply natural, whole foods and non-traditional nutraceuticals being foods resulting from agricultural breeding or added nutrients to boost their nutritive value. 35. Beceanu, D. (2008) reported the Nutritive, Nutraceutical, medicinal and energetic value of different fruits and vegetables by providing an elaborate note of constituents such as minerals, essential nutrients and other dietary supplements present in selected sources. The article mainly emphasis on availability of different nutrient constituents in various daily intake foodstuffs. 36. Mahattanatawee et al. (2006) screened the selected tropical fruits including sapodilla for antioxidant activity, total soluble phenolics, total ascorbic acid, total dietary fibre and pectin. Sapodilla fruits were found to possess high values of total dietary fiber content. 37. Siyamalan. (2007) filed a patent application at Indian Patent office 2248/CHE/2007A related to a process of wine making from the fruits of sapota. He claimed a low cost good quality wine compared to other fruits like grapes. It also claimed that the standards and quality of sapota wine being approximately equivalent to European grades. Thus enabling the commercial utilization of the fruits. 38. Singh et al. (2013) filed a patent application at Indian Patent office 1924/MUM/2013 related to the invention of pharmaceutical compositions containing an excipient obtained from Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen seeds. Thus enabling the commercial utilization of the seeds of the sapota fruit. Page 6

7 39. Prakash et al. (2012) reviewed Nutraceutical phytoconstituents like polyphenols, flavonoid, terpenoids may evolve as dietary disease-preventive food components. He also mentions that the phytochemical nutraceuticals may range from isolated nutrients, dietary supplements and specific diets to genetically engineered designer foods, herbal products, processed foods and beverages. They could play specific pharmacological effects in human health as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-oxidants, antibacterials, antifungals, chemopreventive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antiaging, heart diseases, immune modulators, hypolipidemics etc. 40. Pandey et al. (2010) reviewed Nutraceuticals a new era of medicine and health by an overview on nutraceuticals, its classification and further emphasizing the various benefits of food and dietary supplements in healthcare. The article also mentions about the increasing awareness levels about fitness and health leads majority of people to healthier lifestyles, exercise more and eat healthy. This expands the nutraceutical market globally. Page 7