Digestive efficiency for protein and fat in mammals of different trophic guilds and digestive strategies
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1 Digestive efficiency for protein and fat in mammals of different trophic guilds and digestive strategies O. K. Richard, D. Codron, K. B. Hagen, K.-H. Südekum, M. Clauss Zurich/Bloemfontein/Bonn
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3 Nutrient content and digestibility plotting of apparent digestibility vs. nutrient content 1 ad Crude protein (%) Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
4 Lucas Plots plotting of digestible nutrient content vs. nutrient content ad Crude protein (%) Crude protein (% DM) dig. Crude protein (% DM) Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
5 Lucas Plots plotting of digestible nutrient content vs. nutrient content dig. Crude protein (% DM) Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
6 Lucas Plots plotting of digestible nutrient content vs. nutrient content dig. Crude protein (% DM) slope: true digestibility Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
7 Lucas Plots plotting of digestible nutrient content vs. nutrient content dig. Crude protein (% DM) intercept: endogenous losses slope: true digestibility Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
8 Lucas Plots plotting of digestible nutrient content vs. nutrient content (g/kg.75 /d) dig. Crude protein (% DM) intercept: endogenous losses slope: true digestibility Crude protein (% DM) (g/kg.75 /d) from Clauss et al. (21)
9 Lucas Plots plotting of digestible nutrient content vs. nutrient content (g/kg.75 /d) dig. Crude protein (% DM) intercept: endogenous losses slope: true digestibility Crude protein (% DM) (g/kg.75 /d) endogenous losses - per unit DM intake? - per unit MBW? from Clauss et al. (21)
10 Protein digestion dig. Crude protein (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
11 Protein digestion dig. Crude protein (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
12 Protein digestion dig. Crude protein (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
13 Protein digestion dig. Crude protein (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
14 Protein digestion dig. Crude protein (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
15 Protein digestion dig. Crude protein (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
16 Protein digestion dig. Crude protein (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
17 Protein digestion dig. Crude protein (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
18 Protein digestion dig. Crude protein (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Viverrids Crude protein (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
19 Fat digestion dig. Ether extracts (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Ether extracts (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
20 Fat digestion dig. Ether extracts (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Ether extracts (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
21 Fat digestion dig. Ether extracts (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Ether extracts (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
22 Fat digestion dig. Ether extracts (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Ether extracts (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
23 Fat digestion dig. Ether extracts (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Ether extracts (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
24 Fat digestion dig. Ether extracts (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Ether extracts (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
25 Fat digestion dig. Ether extracts (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Ether extracts (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
26 Fat digestion dig. Ether extracts (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Ether extracts (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
27 Fat digestion dig. Ether extracts (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Viverrid Ether extracts (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
28 ... but: dig. Ether extracts (% DM) Domestic cat Domestic dog Canids Felids Hyenids Mustelids Pinnipeds Ursids Viverrid How do herbivores fit in? Ether extracts (% DM) from Clauss et al. (21)
29 Material and Methods Literature research (268 individual publications) Data collection in EXCEL spreadsheet Species (n = 157) Trophic guild (carni-/omni-/herbivore) Digestion type Nutrient composition Crude protein CP Ether extracts EE... and the corresponding intake and apparent digestibility (ad) data
30 Hindgut Fermentation - Colon from Stevens & Hume (1995)
31 Hindgut Fermentation - Caecum from Stevens & Hume (1995)
32 Foregut Fermentation - Nonruminants from Stevens & Hume (1995)
33 Foregut Fermentation - Ruminants from Stevens & Hume (1995)
34 Predictions: Trophic Guilds digestible nutrient (%DM) nutrient (%DM)
35 Predictions: Trophic Guilds digestible nutrient (%DM) nutrient (%DM)
36 Predictions: Trophic Guilds digestible nutrient (%DM) less microbial fermentation in carnivores, i.e. less metabolic faecal losses of protein and lipdis than herbivores nutrient (%DM)
37 Predictions: Trophic Guilds digestible nutrient (%DM) less microbial fermentation in carnivores, i.e. less metabolic faecal losses of protein and lipdis than herbivores lower true digestibility in herbivores, e.g. due to fibre-bound nitrogen in feeds nutrient (%DM)
38 Predictions: Trophic Guilds because microbes consist of both proteins and lipids, parallel patterns for protein and fat are expected less microbial fermentation in carnivores, i.e. less metabolic faecal losses of protein and lipdis than herbivores digestible nutrient (%DM) lower true digestibility in herbivores, e.g. due to fibre-bound nitrogen in feeds nutrient (%DM)
39 Predictions: Herbivore Strategies digestible nutrient (%DM) nutrient (%DM)
40 Predictions: Herbivore Strategies digestible nutrient (%DM) high metabolic losses in non-corpophagic hindgut fermenters nutrient (%DM)
41 Predictions: Herbivore Strategies digestible nutrient (%DM) high metabolic losses in non-corpophagic hindgut fermenters less metabolic losses in coprophagic hindgut fermenters nutrient (%DM)
42 Predictions: Herbivore Strategies digestible nutrient (%DM) high metabolic losses in non-corpophagic hindgut fermenters less metabolic losses in coprophagic hindgut fermenters foregut fermenters (whether nonruminant or ruminant) in between nutrient (%DM)
43 Predictions: Herbivore Strategies because microbes consist of both proteins and lipids, parallel patterns for protein and fat are expected high metabolic losses in non-corpophagic hindgut fermenters digestible nutrient (%DM) less metabolic losses in coprophagic hindgut fermenters foregut fermenters (whether nonruminant or ruminant) in between nutrient (%DM)
44 Protein digestion ad CP (%) Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dcp (%DM) CP (%DM) CP (%DM)
45 Protein digestion ad CP (%) Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dcp (%DM) CP (%DM) CP (%DM)
46 Protein digestion ad CP (%) Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dcp (%DM) CP (%DM) CP (%DM)
47 Protein digestion ad CP (%) Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dcp (%DM) CP (%DM) CP (%DM)
48 Protein digestion 11 9 Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dcp (%DM) CP (%DM)
49 Protein digestion dcp (%DM) Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore CP (%DM)
50 Protein digestion dcp (%DM) dcp =.87 [.85,.88] CP 2.9 [-3.1,-2.7] Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dcp =.95 [.94,.97] CP 3.7 [-4.3,-3.1] CP (%DM)
51 Protein digestion dcp (%DM) Herbivores Primates Proboscids CP(%DM)
52 Protein digestion dcp (%DM) Herbivores Primates Proboscids CP(%DM)
53 Protein digestion dcp (%DM) Herbivores Primates Proboscids CP(%DM)
54 Protein digestion dcp (%DM) Hindgut fermenter noncoprophagic Hindgut fermenter coprophagic Foregut fermenter nonruminant Foregut fermenter ruminant CP (%DM)
55 Protein digestion dcp (%DM) Hindgut fermenter noncoprophagic Hindgut fermenter coprophagic Foregut fermenter nonruminant Foregut fermenter ruminant CP (%DM)
56 Protein digestion dcp (%DM) dcp =.82 [.79,.85] CP 2.2 [-2.6,-1.8] Hindgut fermenter noncoprophagic dcp =.93 [.89,.96] CP 3.9 [-4.4,-3.3] Hindgut fermenter coprophagic Foregut fermenter nonruminant Foregut fermenter ruminant CP (%DM)
57 Protein digestion dcp (%DM) dcp =.82 [.79,.85] CP 2.2 [-2.6,-1.8] Hindgut fermenter noncoprophagic dcp =.93 [.89,.96] CP 3.9 [-4.4,-3.3] Hindgut fermenter coprophagic Foregut fermenter nonruminant Foregut fermenter ruminant dcp =.86 [.82,.9] CP 2.3 [-2.8,-1.8] CP (%DM)
58 Protein digestion dcp (%DM) dcp =.82 [.79,.85] CP 2.2 [-2.6,-1.8] Hindgut fermenter noncoprophagic dcp =.93 [.89,.96] CP 3.9 [-4.4,-3.3] Hindgut fermenter coprophagic Foregut fermenter nonruminant Foregut fermenter ruminant dcp =.86 [.82,.9] CP 2.3 [-2.8,-1.8] dcp =.89 [.87,.92] CP 3.4 [-3.7,-3.1] CP (%DM)
59 Conclusions Protein Dietary CP is the main determinant of across-species CP digestibility. Similar levels of endogenous/metabolic protein losses between herbivores and carnivores. Lower true protein digestibility in herbivores possibly linked to higher indigestible N levels in plant-based diets. No evident difference between herbivore digestion types.
60 Fat digestion dee (%DM) Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dee (%DM) EE (%DM) EE (%DM)
61 Fat digestion dee (%DM) Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dee (%DM) EE (%DM) EE (%DM)
62 Fat digestion dee (%DM) Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dee (%DM) EE (%DM) EE (%DM)
63 Fat digestion dee (%DM) Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dee (%DM) EE (%DM) EE (%DM)
64 Fat digestion Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dee (%DM) EE (%DM)
65 Fat digestion dee =.87 [.85,.88] EE.95 [-1.,-.89] Herbivore Omnivore Carnivore dee =.94 [.92,.95] EE.22 [-.55,.11] dee (%DM) EE (%DM)
66 Fat digestion dee (%DM) Hindgut fermenter non-coprophagic Hindgut fermenter coprophagic Foregut fermenter non-ruminant Foregut fermenter ruminant EE(%DM)
67 Fat digestion dee (%DM) Hindgut fermenter non-coprophagic Hindgut fermenter coprophagic Foregut fermenter non-ruminant Foregut fermenter ruminant EE(%DM)
68 Fat digestion dee (%DM) Hindgut fermenter non-coprophagic Hindgut fermenter coprophagic Foregut fermenter non-ruminant Foregut fermenter ruminant dee =.92 [.87,.95] EE 1.55 [-1.81,-1.39] dee =.89 [.86,.92] EE.72 [-.86,-.58] EE(%DM)
69 Fat digestion dee (%DM) Hindgut fermenter non-coprophagic Hindgut fermenter coprophagic Foregut fermenter non-ruminant Foregut fermenter ruminant dee =.92 [.87,.95] EE 1.55 [-1.81,-1.39] dee =.89 [.86,.92] EE.72 [-.86,-.58] dee =.6 [.5,.7] EE.3 [-3.18,.27] EE(%DM)
70 Fat digestion dee (%DM) Hindgut fermenter non-coprophagic Hindgut fermenter coprophagic Foregut fermenter non-ruminant Foregut fermenter ruminant dee =.92 [.87,.95] EE 1.55 [-1.81,-1.39] dee =.89 [.86,.92] EE.72 [-.86,-.58] dee =.6 [.5,.7] EE.3 [-3.18,.27] -2 dee =.78 [.76,.8] EE.62 [-.67,-.56] EE(%DM)
71 Conclusions Fat Dietary EE is the main determinant of across-species EE digestibility. Higher levels of endogenous/metabolic lipid losses in herbivores compared to carnivores. No evident difference between herbivore digestion types with respect to metabolic losses. Lower true EE digestibility in foregut fermenting herbivores possibly linked to foregut lipid production and hydrogenation.
72 What does the literature say?
73 What does the literature say? no difference in true protein digestibility between trophic guilds
74 What does the literature say? no difference in true protein digestibility between trophic guilds no difference in true protein/fat digestion between foregutfermenting peccaries and hindgut-fermenting pigs
75 What does the literature say? no difference in true protein digestibility between trophic guilds no difference in true protein/fat digestion between foregutfermenting peccaries and hindgut-fermenting pigs no difference in metabolic faecal nitrogen between different herbivore digestion types
76 What does the literature say? no difference in true protein digestibility between trophic guilds no difference in true protein/fat digestion between foregutfermenting peccaries and hindgut-fermenting pigs no difference in metabolic faecal nitrogen between different herbivore digestion types no difference in true protein/fat digestibility between coprophagic rodents/rabbits and horses
77 Interpretation Protein & Fat Similar endogenous/metabolic losses of N occur across the trophic guilds, which are - excreted as N-substances in carnivores and not so much as microbial matter - bound matter into microbial matter that includes also lipids in herbivores hence their higher endogenous lipid losses.
78 Final Conclusion Metabolic losses, as measured by CP and EE, do not differ between herbivore digestive strategies. Digestive anatomy and physiology do not represent constraints with respect to CP and EE digestion, which could evolve to similar efficiencies across mammals. Adaptations to special circumstances regarding protein or fat are more likely for metabolism/ requirements, not for digestion. Interpretation of apparent digestibility data for CP and EE always in relation to their dietary content.
79 thank you for your attention
80 ... but: How do birds & reptiles & fish fit in? from Clauss et al. (21)
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