Outline. Fitting Nutrition into Your Genes. Martha A. Belury, Ph.D., R.D. Martha A. Belury Sept 2018
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1 Fitting Nutrition into Your Genes, Ph.D., R.D. Human Nutrition The Ohio State University Outline I. History (abridged) of the Study of Genetics and Nutrition II. The Skinny on Fats & Genes III. How Dietary Fats Work with Your Genetic Code for Health IV. Fitting Genetics and Fats into your Conversation with Patients and Clients 2 1
2 Making History Together - I. Sciences of Nutrition and Genetics 1865 Mendel Experiments with Plant Hybrids 1930 s & 1940 s Golden Era of Nutrition Structures of Vitamins Discovered 1953 Era of Molecular Biology Watson & Crick discover the structure of DNA 1970 s Fatty acids & eicosanoids were linked with biological activities 2000 Human Genome Unraveled 2004 Post Genomic Era 2005 Metabolomics 2009 Lipidomics 3 II. The Skinny on Lipids Fats & Oils 9 kcal/g Removed, if fat fraction is removed Types Fatty Acids Sterols Fat Soluble Vitamins and Other Bioactive Compounds 4 2
3 Saturated fat H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H HO H-C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-C-OH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H 5 n3 polyunsaturated fats H H H H H H H H H H H O H-C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C C--C-OH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H -Linolenic Acid Neuronal development and conditions Visual Health Appetite Inflammatory-related diseases 6 3
4 Alpha-linolenic acid (A-LNA; 18:3n3) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n3) Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n3) 7 n6 polyunsaturated fat H H H H H H H H H H H H HO H-C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-C-OH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Linoleic acid (octadecadienoic acid) 8 4
5 Linoleic Acid n6 PUFA Essential for growth Cardioprotective Other effects (?) Oils such as corn, safflower, sunflower, soybean 9 Sterols 10 5
6 11 III. How Fats Work with Your Genetic Code DNA mrna Protein Activity Transcription Translation Post-Translational Modification 12 6
7 Polymorphism Having trait of several possible alleles that are Not fatal Usually exhibited as different phenotypes Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Snip One nucleotide is altered in DNA coding for mrna & protein 13 Dietary Fats and Gene Expression DNA mrna Protein Activity Transcription Translation Post-Translational Modification 14 7
8 Nuclear Hormone Receptors as Transcription Factors Require Ligand Associate with Response Element (RE) Dimerizes with another Nuclear Receptor (requires another molecule of estrogen or estrogen-like compound?) Turn on Responsive Genes 15 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Linoleic acid 18:2n6 PPAR Cytosol PPRE Target Gene Nucleus 16 8
9 PPARs - A Link Between Fats and Genes Diabetes (Thiazolidinediones, TZDs) Avandia, Actos, [Rezulin] Cardiovascular Disease Fibrates Adipose Tissue Development Cancers of breast, colon, skin, others 17 Dietary Fats and Gene Expression DNA mrna Protein Activity Transcription Translation Post-Translational Modification 18 9
10 Safflower oil increases a plasma protein, adiponectin * Norris et al., 2009; Asp et al., Dietary Fats and Gene Expression DNA mrna Protein Activity Transcription Translation Post-Translational Modification 20 10
11 Metabolism of Estrogen Testosterone *** 17 - estradiol *** Aromatase 21 Lipids Affect Activity of Enzyme that Makes Estrogen Testosterone *** Aromatase 17 -estradiol Chen et al., Cancer Res
12 Summary: How Dietary Fats Affect Health by Modifying Gene Expression DNA mrna Protein Activity Transcription Translation Post-Translational Modification 23 IV. Fitting in Fats: Bringing the genetic link into your dietetics practice 24 12
13 De-Clutter --- Consistent, Specific & Measurable 1. Keep it simple (or Lighten Up) 1. Keep a Sense of Humor 2. Dive in to the Science Keeping Messages Simple Health Genetics (Heredity) Diet (Environment) Disease 26 13
14 Keep Messages Simple Analogies Genetics (your inheritance) Is Your Map 27 Keep a Sense of Humor Alpha-linolenic acid (A-LNA; 18:3n3) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n3) Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n3) 28 14
15 De-Clutter --- Consistent, Specific & Measurable 1. Keep it simple 2. Keep a sense of humor 3. Dive in to the science--- Research is the root of nutritional science and practice. We dietitians are the messengers. 29 Thank You National Cattleman s Beef Association Research Organizations: American Institute of Cancer Research, American Cancer Society Carol S. Kennedy Professorship Federal Government Research Agencies for Nutrition (USDA & NIH) Lab people and collaborators, past and present 30 15
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