2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules CARBON BASED MOLECULES
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1 CARBON BASED MOLECULES
2 KEY CONCEPTS Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. Lipids are one class of organic molecules. This group includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. Lipids are made of C, H, and a little bit of O. Lipids are not water soluble. This unique chemistry makes them ideal for building things like the cell membrane, commonly called the phosphlipid bilayer.
3 KEY CONCEPTS We will be examining these types of lipids: -Basic Hydrocarbons 23_541 -Triglycerides (fats and oils) -Phospholipids -Steroids, including hormones and cholesterol.
4 Lipids have several different functions. broken down as a source of energy make up cell membranes used to make hormones
5 Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. straight chain branched chain (not covered on exam) ring (not covered on exam)
6 Here are some examples of straight chain hydrocarbons.
7 Here are some examples of straight chain hydrocarbons.
8 There is a shorthand for drawing molecules: To simplify a hydrocarbon, we draw a kinked line where each bend (and each end) is a carbon.
9 Practice Try drawing the kinky model of ethanol (seen below).
10 Practice Try drawing the kinky model of ethanol (seen below).
11 Practice Try drawing the kinky model of ethanol (seen below).
12 Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol (which is a steroid). Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. Fats and oils contain 3 fatty acids bonded to 1 glycerol. These fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains) are hooked to the glycerol by taking water out. When they join it is called a dehydration synthesis reaction. Triglyceride
13 On your own, draw a triglyceride (one glycerol + 3 fatty acids).
14 Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. saturated fatty acids (single bonds) unsaturated fatty acids (at least one double bond)
15 Saturated fats and unsaturated fats have different properties because of how the molecules pack together.
16 Real Fatty acids do not memorize. More double bond means lower melting point (more likely to be liquid at room temperature) O O O O OH OH OH OH stearic acid (18:0) m.p. 70ºC oleic acid (9-18:1) an -9 fatty acid m.p. 16ºC linoleic acid (9,12-18:2) an -6 fatty acid m.p. -5ºC linolenic acid (9,12,15-18:3) an -3 fatty acid m.p. -11ºC
17 Saturated fats pack well and tend to be solid. Unsaturated fats do not pack well and tend to be liquid. Saturated Unsaturated
18 Saturated Peanut Butter separates into both types! Unsaturated
19 Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. Polar phosphate head Nonpolar fatty acid tails Phospholipid
20 Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
21 Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
22 Steroids are a class of lipids. Steroids include hormones and cholesterol. Steroids consist of 4 interconnected rings of carbon.
23 Steroids are a class of lipids. Steroids include hormones and cholesterol. Steroids consist of interconnected rings of carbon. Hormones A chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell to another. Cholesterol Helps keep the cell membrane fluid at a wide range of temperatures. Ex) Testosterone, or epinephrine
24 Lipids section is over. Continue for polymers.
25 Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
26 Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. Monosaccharides are simple sugars. Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
27 Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) monomer Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
28 Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. Monomers are the individual subunits. Polymers are made of many monomers.
29 Polymers are analogous to trains, necklaces, or anything else made of similar repeating parts. In the case, the monomers are the
30
31 Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
32 Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
33 Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
34 Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. Hemoglobin hydrogen bond Incorrect amino acids change a protein s structure and function.
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