Wold challenges Global population growth and complexity of challenges Food production Why increase seafood production? Feed or food?

Transcription

1 «Knowledge-based Development cooperation for global food production» - Kunnskapsrik bistand til verdens matproduksjon Edel O. Elvevoll Dean, Professor Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics (BFE) UiT The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway

2

3 Enhance the contribution of small scale fisheries to global food security and nutrition and to support the progressive realization of the right to adequate food. Wold challenges Global population growth and complexity of challenges Food production Why increase seafood production? Feed or food? Possibilities Downsizing? Waste management? New resources (Micro algae, Macro algae (seaweed), Zooplankton, Mesopelagic fish)? Non feed species and filter feeders in aquaculture? Knowledge and capacity transfer?

4 The World es)mated Popula+on size of human popula)on Will Soar from 10,000 BCE 2000 CE Higher Than Predicted

5 This is what the world looks like if you scale countries by population India will have more people than China by 2022 VoxXpress MaChew Yglesias 2015

6 Change in diet over the last decades Highly caloric Rich in refined sugar and saturated fat Low in dietary fibre, proteins, marine lipids, vitamins and minerals Physical activity absent Increase in life style related diseases Nutrition in health maintenance Fish consumption and CVD risk reduction Meat consumption and adverse health effect 6

7 Economist/FAO

8 Trends in the number of obese and severely obese people by region Obese BMI > of 30 kg/m2 or higher, severely obese BMI > 35 kg/m2 or higher Blue colors are Europe &US High body-mass index (BMI) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular and kidney diseases, diabetes, some cancers, and musculoskeletal disorders. Concerns about the health and economic burden of increasing BMI have led to adiposity being included among the global noncommunicable disease (NCD) targets, with a target of halting, by 2025, the rise in the prevalence of obesity at its 2010 level Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19 2 million participants The Lancet Volume 387, Issue 10026, 2016,

9 A brand new

10 Food gap challenge towards 2050 Change in diets (increased earnings, urbanisation, high protein and caloric diets and wasted food) Transition to bioeconomy Population growth (+30%) A calculated 70% increase in food production needed «Fossil economy» 2006 popula)on Bioeconomy Bioeconomy År 1000 År 2000 År 3000 Source: World Resources Ins)tute (2014) Crea)ng a Sustainable Food Future 10

11 The ocean is covering 70% of the earth surface. Equal primary biological production ocean/land, but 98% of food consumption from land, 2% from the ocean. Global food consumption 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % Land Zoo- plankton 5 % Fish 1 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Ocean Net primary produc)on (Carbon weight) Land Food consump)on (calories pr capita pr day) Phyto- plankton 94 % Primary resources from the ocean (es)mates) Source: Field et al. (1998), Science 281, 237, Longhurst et al. (1995) : J.Plankt Res, vol 17, Ø. Lie: Marlife presenta)on 11 and FAOSTAT

12 Substantial losses from shop to plate from 2014 FAO Infographs

13 Food Security for all make sure people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives

14 Average per capita fish supply (in live weight equivalent) 9.9 kg 1960s 11.5 kg 1970s 12.6 kg 1980s 14.4 kg 1990s 17.0 kg 2000s 18.4 kg kg 2012 >20 kg 2014 SOFIA

15 Seafood may improve food security, prevent hidden hunger, malnutrition and possibly combat some noncommunicable diseases

16 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture h6ps://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/goal- 02/

17 Nutrients causing deficiency world-wide UN, FAO (2014) million people, or one in nine, suffer from chronic undernourishment in ; not enough calories (food). Under-nutrition contributes to almost half of all child deaths, estimated to 1.1 mill every year (Black et al. 2013) Stunting an indicator of chronic undernutrition seriously affects growth & development. Affects 161 mill children < 5 years every year Hidden hunger = micronutrient deficiency: undernutrition when intake / absorption of vitamins and minerals is too low to sustain good health and development. Affect almost 2 bill (FAO 2013); all parts of the world. from NIFES Gro Ingunn Hemre

18 Fish, more than proteins Vitamin A Protein DHA EPA Vitamin D Vitamin B12 Zinc Iron Calcium Selenium Iodine

19 Percentage of popula+on with seleted micronutrient deficiency

20 IODINE DEFICIENCY - INSUFFICIENCY «Iodine deficiency is the world s most prevalent, yet easily preventable, cause of brain damage 18 mill children born with iodine deficiency = cre+nism (brain damage), 1.8 bill people affected (WHO 2014) from NIFES Gro Ingunn Hemre

21 Iodide status pregnant (urine. µg/l) Iceland (n=162) 180 Liten i Norge Norway (n=64) Norway (n=1008) MoBa Norway (n=119) 69 Sweden (n=459) 98 Denmark, with suppl. (n=199) 109 Denmark, no suppl (n=21) 68 Denmark, with suppl. (n=106) 98 Gunnarsdojr et al Seldal Sanchez Brantsæter et al Granfors et al Andersen et al Andersen et al

22 Mothers iodine status and effect on verbal IQ in children Verbal IQ Reading performance Adjusted for 21 variables included intake of omega-3 fatty acids Bath et al The Lancet Mothers iodine status in first trimester

23 IODINE in different seafood requirement adult from NIFES Gro Ingunn Hemre

24 Macrominerals, microminerals and heavy metals in macroalgae /seaweed species. Values in mg kg -1 DW A. esculenta L. digitata L. hyperborea F. vesiculosus P. canaliculata C. rupestris E. intestinalis U. lactuca P. palmata V. lanosa Macrominerals Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus Microminerals Copper Iron Iodine Manganese Selenium Zinc Heavy metals Arsenic Cadmium Mercury < Mæhre, K; Malde, MK; Eilertsen, KE; Elvevoll, EO. CharacterizaHon of protein, lipid and mineral contents in common Norwegian seaweeds and evaluahon of their potenhal as food and feed. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2014; Volum 94 (15)

25 FAO/WHO expert consultation on the risks and benefits of fish consumption An important food source of energy, protein and a range of essential nutrients Emphasize the net neurodevelopmental benefits to offspring of women of childbearing age who consume fish, particularly pregnant women and nursing mothers, and the neurodevelopmental risks to offspring of women of childbearing age who do not consume fish. Emphasize the benefits of fish consumption on reducing mortality from coronary heart disease (and the risks of mortality from coronary heart disease associated with not eating fish) for the general adult population.

26 Minerals small fish eaten whole LOW INTAKE - 25% of the world s popula+on at risk. Anemia (iron, B12, B9) Exhaus)on. stress. reduced immune func)on (Zn) requirement sardine carp blue mussel tuna beef chicken rice maize soybean zinc, mg iron, mg from NIFES Gro Ingunn Hemre

27 Selected micronutrients per 100 grams edible por5on of Darkina (Esomus danricus) Carp Tilapia Darkina RDI* Calcium, Ca mg Iron, Fe mg Zinc, Zn Mg Vitamin A µg RAE from Jogeir Toppe, FAO *RDA for a child, moderate bioavailability Roos et al., 2007

28 Improved use of fish by-products 30-70% of fish processed ends up as by-products Most micronutrient rich parts of the fish from Jogeir Toppe, FAO

29 Reduce Fish Losses and Waste from Jogeir Toppe, FAO

30 THE ROAD AHEAD FISH FOR DEVELOPMENT Norway is a small country in the world, but a superpower when it comes to fisheries and aquaculture with leading competence within research, management and industry. Fish for development with three main themes: Education and research (including the Nansen Program) Industrial development (including aquaculture) Management and legislation A forward oriented and right initiative to use Norwegian competence to support developing countries in sustainable harvesting and production of food from oceans and freshwater-systems. World Production of Meats (MT dressed weight) Terrestrial meat, total Aquaculture Capture fisheries Calculated from FishStats, 2015 FAO

31 Production of Meats in Norway (Tonn) Fangst (konsum) Laks Fjørfe Svin Sau Storfe Calculated from FishStats, 2015 FAO

32 Thank you for your attention Universities best contribution are knowledge and candidates