NUTRITION. Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Transcription

1 NUTRITION Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

2 Proper Diet Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids (fats) Water Vitamins Fiber Inorganic salts Nutrition 2

3 Carbohydrates Sugar, starch, cellulose Function Energy source Carbon source for other molecules the cell makes Structure of cells and tissues Nutrition 3

4 Carbohydrates Sugars Very small carbohydrates Monosaccharides one sugar subunit Disaccharides two sugar subunits Nutrition 4

5 Carbohydrates Sugars Very small carbohydrates Monosaccharides one sugar subunit Disaccharides two sugar subunits Sugars are absorbed into blood quickly Nutrition 5

6 Carbohydrates Starch Very large carbohydrates Polysaccharides Starch -- in plants Glycogen in animals Cellulose in plants» Most animals have no enzyme to break it down Nutrition 6

7 Carbohydrates Starch Very large carbohydrates Polysaccharides Starch -- in plants Glycogen in animals Cellulose in plants» Most animals have no enzyme to break it down Take long time to break down Absorbed into blood more slowly Associated with other nutrients Vitamins, minerals Nutrition 7

8 Carbohydrate Digestion Most animals have no enzyme to digest cellulose Nutrition 8

9 Lipids Fats, oils, waxes Non-water soluble (non-polar) Function Energy source Structure of cells Carry fat soluble vitamins into cells Some are essential Must eat them, body cannot make them Nutrition 9

10 Lipids Nutrition 10

11 Lipid Digestion Nutrition 11

12 Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats What do you know about saturated fats? Nutrition 12

13 Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats What do you know about saturated fats? Solid at room temperature Found in animal fats Found in a few vegetable fats Palm oil Palm kernal oil Coconut oil Linked to heart disease Nutrition 13

14 Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats What do you know about unsaturated fats? Liquid at room temperature Found in most vegetable fats Not linked to heart disease >50% of fat intake should be unsaturated fats Nutrition 14

15 Saturated vs unsaturated fats Nutrition 15

16 Trans fats What are trans fats? Nutrition 16

17 Trans fats What are trans fats? Seldom occur in nature Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats Nutrition 17

18 Trans fats What are trans fats? Seldom occur in nature Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats Why? Nutrition 18

19 Trans fats What are trans fats? Seldom occur in nature Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats Why? Make liquid fats more solid Can say it s vegetable fat Longer shelf life Nutrition 19

20 Trans fats What are trans fats? Seldom occur in nature Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats Why? Make liquid fats more solid Can say it s vegetable fat Longer shelf life WORST FATS FOR THE HEART NO ACCEPTABLE AMOUNT OF TRANS FAT Nutrition 20

21 Nutrition 21

22 Modified Fat What is modified fat? Nutrition 22

23 Modified Fat What is modified fat????????????????? Nutrition 23

24 Modified Fat What is modified fat????????????????? Modified fat may refer to use of chemically modified fats Not trans fats Not adequately studied for health effects Modified fat diet is different Replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats from veg oils, fish and nuts Nutrition 24

25 How do you know what you are getting? Nutrition 25

26 How do you know what you are getting? Nutrition 26

27 How do you know what you are getting? Nutrition 27

28 How do you know what you are getting? Nutrition 28

29 Proteins Long chains of amino acids Contain nitrogen Function Structure of cells Enzymes Antibodies Work force of cell Nutrition 29

30 Proteins Nutrition 30

31 Proteins Nutrition 31

32 Proteins Nutrition 32

33 Proteins Nutrition 33

34 Proteins 20 different amino acids 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants) Nutrition 34

35 Proteins 20 different amino acids 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants) Complete protein foods have all 8 Meat, dairy Nutrition 35

36 Proteins 20 different amino acids 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants) Complete protein foods have all 8 Meat, dairy Incomplete proteins foods have some, but not all essential amino acids Protein complementarity Combine foods to get all 8 Nutrition 36

37 Protein complementarity Nutrition 37

38 Kwashiokor Nutrition 38

39 Water Cell cytoplasm, extracellular fluid ~80% water Used by cells for many functions Dissolves many substances (vitamins, salts) Transport (via blood, across cell membranes, excretion of wastes occurs in water) Evaporative cooling Most chemical reactions in body occur in water Reactant in many body reactions (breaking apart starches, fats, etc) Movement of sperm requires water Lubricant of materials moving through digestive system Nutrition 39

40 Inorganic Salts Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca, P, I, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus necessary for bone and tooth formation Iron necessary for hemoglobin Iodine necessary for thyroid function NaCl necessary for proper osmotic balance Nutrition 40

41 Vitamins Substance the body needs in very small amounts and cannot make (or makes in insufficient amounts) Something that will make you sick if you don't get enough Many function as coenzymes Not all organisms require same vitamins Nutrition 41

42 Vitamins Vitamins required for humans Water soluble vitamins B 1 (thiamin), B 2 (riboflavin) B 6, B 12, nicotinic acid, *C, folic acid, pantothenic acid Fat soluble vitamins *A, *D, E, *K Can be toxic if too much *Know names of these vitamins and disorders associated with a lack of them Nutrition 42

43 Metabolism Utilization of end products of digestion Nutrients Energy Nutrition 43

44 Metabolism Utilization of end products of digestion Nutrients Energy Metabolic rate Energy needed for all activities Average 2000 Cal/day (varies with age, gender, activity) Nutrition 44

45 Metabolism Utilization of end products of digestion Nutrients Energy Metabolic rate Energy needed for all activities Average 2000 Cal/day (varies with age, gender, activity) Basal metabolic rate Energy needed to stay alive Females Cal/day Males Cal/day Nutrition 45

46 Metabolism Malnourished Adequate calories, but not right foods Nutrition 46

47 Kwashiokor Nutrition 47

48 Metabolism Malnourished Adequate calories, but not right foods Undernourished Inadequate calories Nutrition 48

49 Body Mass Index (BMI) Measure of body fat based on height and weight (applies ot adults) {weight (lb) / [height (in)] 2 x 703 < 18.5 underweight normal > overweight > obese Nutrition 49

50 Body Mass Index (BMI) Nutrition 50