HAIR GROWTH DELAYER. Papaya.

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1 HAIR GROWTH DELAYER Papaya

2 Papaya BOTANY Carica papaya L. is a member of the Caricaceae family, commonly known as papaya. Rather than a tree, it can be considered a giant herbaceous plant, due to its fast growth and short life span of 7-15 years. Although the plant can reach more than 10m tall, it only gives fruit during the first few years. The stem is fleshy rather than woody, simple, unbranched, with scars from fallen leaves and green leaves confined to the top. Leaves are large, with long petioles, palmatinerved, deeply lobed with seven large palmate leaflets, which are in turn pinnate. This plant is usually dioecious, with male and female flowers on different stems. However, they may also be monoecious, with both male and female flowers on the same stem. Also polygamous plants occur, which produce male, female and hermaphrodite flowers. Only the 2 later types of plant give fruit. Male flowers are creamy-yellow and occur on hanging bunches. Female flowers are solitary, or arranged in short inflorescences; they are creamy-yellow and larger than male flowers. There are three types of hermaphrodite flowers: female-like flowers, male-like flowers and flowers with intermediate features. The best fruits come from female plants. They are large berries, which resemble melons, their weight ranging between half a kilo and eight kilos. This fruit is commonly known as papaya. The pulp is yelloworange, with a butter-like consistency, juicy, aromatic, sweet and very tasty. The pulp surrounds a large cavity and contains a number of black, spherical, rough seeds the size of a pea. Carica papaya is a typical species in tropical humid climates, native to Central America, which grows in low hillsides of the Andes and the Amazon basin, down to Misiones (a province in Argentina). It has been V 04-04/ ,42180,45691,46880,46890,46930,

introduced into Europe, where it is cultivated both, commercially at the large and artisanally at the smallscale. Papaya extract is produced from the fruits of Carica papaya.

3 introduced into Europe, where it is cultivated both, commercially at the large and artisanally at the smallscale. Papaya extract is produced from the fruits of Carica papaya. CHEMISTRY Table 1 shows fresh papaya chemical composition. Components Content Water (%) 89.6 Proteins (%) 0.5 Fat (%) 0,1 Carbohydrates (%) 9.5 Calcium (mg/100 g) 10.0 Phosphorus (mg/100 g) 10.0 Vitamin A (IU/100 g) 2020 Vitamin C (mg/100 g) 40 Nicotinic acid (mg/100 g) 0.2 Riboflavin (mg/100 g) 0.25 Table 1. Chemical composition of fresh papaya (Desai, UT & Wagh, AN, 1995). Sugars Sugars are major components of papaya. The sugar content in papaya varies widely depending of the cultivar and the cultivation conditions. It has been found that the action of the enzyme invertase during sugar V 04-04/ ,42180,45691,46880,46890,46930,

extraction decreases the amount of non-reduced sugars and consequently increases reduced ones. After inactivation of invertase by microwave heating, sugar extraction of ripe papaya yielded 48.

4 extraction decreases the amount of non-reduced sugars and consequently increases reduced ones. After inactivation of invertase by microwave heating, sugar extraction of ripe papaya yielded 48.3% saccharose, 29.8% glucose and 21.9% fructose (Desai, UT. & Wagh, AN., 1995). Enzymes Incisions on the fruit exudate proteolytic enzymes-rich latex. Row papain contains some water, glucides, organic acids and a mixture of enzymes including proteases, which break the peptidic bonds in any place of the peptide chains (endopeptidases). Papain is the most abundant proteolytic enzyme; there are papain I (true papain) and papain II (chymopapain); the later is more stable in acidic medium although it has weaker proteolytic activity, since it only produces milk clotting. Proteases also include papaya-proteinase III. Further enzymes present in papaya are: papayapeptidase A, lipase and lysozyme (an enzyme that breaks bacterial cell walls). Pure papain is a protein composed of 212 AA, folded in two different parts, with a bridge including an active site with a free thiol group (SH). Papain is a relatively unspecific enzyme, which hydrolyzes proteins and small sized peptides, amides and esters. Vitamins Ripe papaya contains about mg ascorbic acid per 100g fresh fruit. The carotene content of ripe papaya ranges between 2 and 2.5 mg. Studies carried out with two different samples of Guatemalan papaya detected and mg thiamine, and 0.38 mg riboflavin, and and mg niacin, per 100 g fruit (Desai, UT. & Wagh, AN., 1995). Minerals The most abundant mineral in papaya is calcium, which is combined with organic acids. The most abundant minerals found in the pulp of Hawaiian papaya were: nitrogen (0.12%), phosphorus (0.01%), potassium (0.21%), calcium (0.03%) and magnesium (0.02%) (Desai, UT. & Wagh, AN., 1995). Other active principles Organic acids (citric and malic acids) and volatile compounds. V 04-04/ ,42180,45691,46880,46890,46930,

5 TRADITIONAL USES Papaya juice is administered orally to improve digestion, to regulate bowel movements, to relieve respiratory tract ailments (asthma, bronchitis, cough, tuberculosis), to fight fever and to treat hypertension, arthrosis and edema. In external use, the crushed fruits are helpful to treat boils. Dry milled papaya seeds and papaya latex are used to fight parasites. Oral intake of grated unripe papaya fruits in water is prescribed to treat hypertension. Topical applications of papaya latex (alone or dissolved in alcohol) help in the treatment of eczema, erysipelas, freckles, ringworm and warts. Papain is used as a meat tenderizer, beer clarifying agent, to treat wool and silk before staining them, as an adjuvant in oilcloth manufacture and as an ingredient of toothpaste, detergent and some products for cleansing contact lens (Alonso, J., 2004). COSMETIC PROPERTIES Keratolytic activity The 3 proteases in papaya latex (papain, chymopapain and papaya-proteinase III) have proteolytic activity (Zucker, S. et al., 1985). Hair weakening action The ability to hydrolyze protein fibers is useful for cosmetic products aimed at weakening body and facial hair. Degradation of the keratin in the hair follicle reduces hair shaft diameter and consequently facilitates hair removal. Thus, papaya extract is useful to formulate cosmetic depilation products. Exfoliative action on skin Due to its keratolytic action, papain degrades dead cells in the outermost skin layer, thus improving skin health, hygiene and brightness (Alcalde, MT., 2003). V 04-04/ ,42180,45691,46880,46890,46930,

6 Topical chymopapain and papain are efficiently used to treat children s burns and recurrent plantar ulcers in leprosy patients, because they prevent infection and accelerate wound healing (Carretero Accame, ME., 2000). Therefore, papaya extract is of great use to formulate cosmetic products for skin care and hygiene. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity In a study by Emeruwa, AC. (1982), different papaya extracts were reported to show antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella flexneri. Osato, JA et al. (1993) reported that different extracts from the epicarp, endocarp and seeds of papaya fruits, showed bacteriostatic activity in vitro against Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pesudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The same parts of papaya were found to scavenge the superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Vitamin C, malic acid, citric acid and glucose are some of the possible antioxidant components in papaya. This study correlated the bacteriostatic activity of papaya with its scavenging activity on the hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, which could be part of the cellular metabolism of these bacteria. Thus, papaya extract is of great use to formulate cosmetic products for the protection of the skin and hair integrity against oxidative processes, as well as for cosmetic products with purifying and antiseptic action. Moisturizing activity Papaya contains sugars, such as glucose and fructose, hygroscopic sugars that absorb and retain water under certain conditions. Therefore, papaya is a good moisturizing agent. Several moisturizing agents are polyols, namely they have many hydroxyl groups, which attract and retain water. Glycerin and sorbitol are good examples of polyols extensively used in hair products for preserving the moisture level of hair. Sugars like glucose and fructose fit in the chemical definition of polyol. Papaya also contains α-hydroxyacids (AHAs). These active compounds also have moisturizing action due to their hydroxyl groups (Yu, R.J. & Van Scott, E.J., 2002). Therefore, papaya extract is of great use to formulate cosmetic products with moisturizing activity. V 04-04/ ,42180,45691,46880,46890,46930,

7 Cell regeneration stimulating activity This activity is due to the α-hydroxyacids (AHA) content of papaya. AHA act at the stratum corneum level. They act on the cohesion between corneocytes in the deepest layers, so that they make the stratum corneum thinner and improve skin flexibility. Thus, papaya extract is recommendable to formulate cosmetic products with exfoliating activity. COSMETIC APPLICATIONS Action Active Cosmetic Applications Keratolytic Papain -Depilatory -Anti-aging -Skin cleansing Antioxidant - -Anti-aging Antimicrobial - -Purifying -Antiseptic Moisturizing Sugar -Moisturizing AHA -Conditioner Cell regeneration stimulating activity AHA -Exfoliating RECOMMENDED DOSE The recommended dose is between 0.5% and 5.0%. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alonso, J. Tratado de Fitofármacos y Nutracéuticos. Barcelona: Corpus, 2004, p: (633.8 ALO). Alcalde, MT. Productos con efecto Botox. OFFARM, 2005; 24 (9): V 04-04/ ,42180,45691,46880,46890,46930,

8 Carretero Accame, ME. Compuestos nitrogenados. Panorama Actual Med., 2000; 24 (231): ( 8C/$File/231.pdf#search=%22enzima%20papaya%20proteasa%20III%22; consultado en Septiembre de 2006). Dawkins G, Hewitt H, Wint Y, Obiefuna PC, Wint B. Antibacterial effects of Carica papaya fruit on common wound organisms. West Indian Med J., 2003; 52 (4): Desai, UT & Wagh, AN. Papaya In Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology. Production, Composition, Storage, and Processing. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995; (ref. 641* SAL). Emeruwa AC. Antibacterial substance from Carica papaya fruit extract. J Nat Prod., 1982; 45 (2): Osato JA, Santiago LA, Remo GM, Cuadra MS, Mori A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of unripe papaya. Life Sci, 1993; 53 (17): Yu RJ & Van Scott EJ. Hydroxycarboxylic acids, N-acetylamino sugars, and N-acetylamino acids. Skinmed., 2002; 1 (2): Zucker S, Buttle DJ, Nicklin MJ, Barrett AJ. The proteolytic activities of chymopapain, papain, and papaya proteinase III. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1985; 828(2): Web sites: [accessed September 2006]. [accessed September 2006]. V 04-04/ ,42180,45691,46880,46890,46930,

9 PROVITAL. S.A. Pol. Ind. Can Salvatella Gorgs Lladó, Barberà del Vallès Barcelona (España) Tel. (+34) V06-02/ ,12310,12340,12350,12710,

MOISTURIZING. Provi Lacteo GDBN.

MOISTURIZING. Provi Lacteo GDBN. MOISTURIZING Provi Lacteo GDBN www.provitalgroup.com Provi Lacteo GDBN INTRODUCTION Yogurt is a dairy produced through milk lactic fermentation by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus;