Study on the Influence of Soil and Fertilization on Amino Acid Content in Oil Linen

Transcription

1 Study on the Influence of Soil and Fertilization on Amino Acid Content in Oil Linen GEORGETA POP 1, ERSILIA ALEXA 1, TIBERIU IANCU 1, FLORIN IMBREA 1, ADRIAN LAZA 1 * Banat s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine King Michael I of Romania, Calea Aradului 119, , Timisoara Romania Research results on oil linen (Linum usitatissimum L.) point out the importance of this crop not only as an oil plant but also as a plant with multiple opportunities of diversification. The experiment was set at the Didactic and Research Station within the Banat s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine King Michael I of Romania from Timisoara. The goal of this paper is to analyse the impact of soil and fertilization on amino acid content level and structure in oil flax vegetal protein. Cultivar plays a determining role on the content of amino acids in oil flax vegetal protein: the sum of amino acids ranges between and g/100 g of grits. Fertilization changes the amount of amino acids: the sum of amino acids ranges between and g/100 g of grits. Fertilization also determines changes of the level and structure of amino acids in oil flax protein. Keywords: flax seed oil, flax aminoacids, vegetable protein Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. The amino acid pattern of linnen protein is similar to that of soybean protein, which is viewed as one of the most nutritious of the plant proteins [1,4, 5]. The nutritional value and functional properties of linnenseed Linum Usitatissimum L. are analyzed. The protein content in seeds of flax varies from 20-30%. Proteins of linnenseeds are limited by lysine, but are characterized by a high coefficient of digestibility (89.6%) and biological value (77.4%) [1,2,4,5,10,11]. The chemical composition of linnenseed has identified areas in the study of preventive and functional properties. PUFA omega-3 family, dietary fibers and phytoestrogen lignans determine hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic actions of linnenseed. Flax seeds under the conditions of storage and processing technologies are harmless food product [3]. Consumption of 50 g/day of linnenseed showed no adverse effects in humans [5,11,12,14,15]. Protein in flax seed oil is easily digestible and it contains all the amino acids necessary to maintain a strong, healthy body [6-9,13]. Thus, these substances have a few basic functions, such as participating in the supply of the necessary energy for the human body, producing different enzymes, synthesising different essential hormones, improving blood circulation and, last but not least, supporting the development and healing of cells and tissues [1,4,5]. Amino acids also support vitamins and minerals in the proper and effective functioning of the body. If there are no amino acids, the assimilation and use of other nutrients is hindered [13]. Taking into account all these aspects concerning the benefits of flax seeds, benefits exploited below their maximum potential (at least, in Romania), it is imperative to study a few oil flax cultivars homologated in our country, the influence of ecological factors, of cultivar and fertilisation on flax seed composition from the perspective of flax seed composition and influence on nutrient quality. Experimental part Material and methods The experiment was set at the Didactic and Research Station within the Banat s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine King Michael I of * laza_adrian82@yahoo.com; Phone: Romania from Timisoara. The biological material used in the experiment consisted in five oil flax cultivars of Romanian origin: Lirina, Floriana, Florinda, Iunia 96 and Alexin. The fertilisers used were: N 96 P kg/ha complex fertilisers 16:16: kg/ha nitrate + combination of foliar fertilisers made up of: Fertileader Magical - solution of calcium chloride (12 CaO + 4 MgO) and Corona K fertiliser NPK with B-Cu-Fe-Mn-Zn ( ). Within the perimeter where we set the experiment, the soil was a briown molic moderately gleyed one, moderately decarbonated on medium/coarse fluviatile deposits, medium clay/medium clay. Weed control was done with Pantera 40 EC (40 g/l quizalofop-p-tefuryl), Lontrel 300 (300 g/l clopiralid). Harvesting was done upon full maturity of oil flax plants, the moment where there were almost no leaves on the stems, 80-90% of the capsules were brown, and seeds had the colour specific to the cultivar. Determining amino acids supposed acid hydrolysis in the presence of HCl 6M, identifying and dosing chromatographically using the amino acid analysor DIONEX ICS Results and discussions Chromatographic dosing of amino acids in the five cultivars both control and fertilised samples shows that they do not include peaks in such as cystein or glutamic acid or they appear sporadically in aspartic acid, serine and leucin (figs. 1-5). The composition of amino acids in the vegetal protein in oil flax is influenced by the cultivar. The sum of component amino acids ranges between and g/100 g of grits. The cultivar with the highest content in amino acids is Lirina. i.e g/100 g of grits. The cultivar Floriana contains 99.77% of the amino acids found in the cultivar Lirina, while the cultivar Alexin contains 85.07% and the cultivar Iunia 96 contains 84.04%. The lowest content in amino acids was in the cultivar Florinda, i.e. only 72.23% of the amount of amino acids in the cultivar Lirina (table 1). Fertilisation is favorable and it induces an increase of 0.88 g/100 g of grits (3.92%) in the cultivar Lirina, with 0.48 g/100 g of grits (2.14%) in the cultivar Floriana, with 0.87 g/ 100 g of grits (5.36%) in the cultivar Florinda, with 2.34 g/

2 Fig. 1. Chromatogrammes of the Lirina cultivar Fig. 2. Chromatogramme of thr Floriana cultivar Fig. 3. Chromatogramme of the Florinda cultivar 777

3 Fig. 4. Chromatogramme of the Iunia 96 Fig. 5. Chromatogrammes of the Alexin cultivar 100 g of grits (12.40%) in the cultivar Iunia 96, and with 1.32 g/100 g of grits (6.91%) in the cultivar Alexin. Among the amino acids determined in the samples analysed, we noted arginine, lysine, valine, alanine, and tyrosine. Arginine is an amino acid important in the support of liver and cardio-vascular functions that has an endogeneous-secretagogue action through the participation to the secretion of some hormones (insulin, prolactin, somatotropin, etc.) [5,9,12]. Arginine has high values in both control and fertilised samples. Arginine content increases considerably after fertilisation: with 93.93% in the Florinda cultivar, with 81.82% in the Lirina cultivar, with 77.60% in the Iunia 96 cultivar, and with 31.16% in the Alexin cultivar. In the cultivar Floriana, there was a decrease of arginine content of 23.33% compared to the control sample (fig. 6). Valine has wide fluctuations in both control and fertilised samples [7,8,12]. Thus, there was no valine in the Florinda cultivar, while it could no longer be traced in the cultivars Lirina and Floriana after fertilisation. Only in the cultivar Alexin, valine increased with 8.43% after fertilisation (fig. 7). With lower values determined in control samples, lysine increased significantly after fertilisation particularly in the cultivar Lirina - from 0.03 to 2.18 g/100 g of grits (fig. 8). This amino acid is particularly important because it ensures a normal level of enzymes, hormones and antibodies in the body and prevents glycosidation which makes it necessary in diabetes melitus [6,8,9]. Alanine content (fig. 9) increased considerably after fertilisation in the cultivar Iunia 96 (with 47.92%), a moderate increase in the cultivars Lirina and Floriana (with 11.83% and 20%, respectively), and a decrease of 6.17% in the cultivar Alexin. After fertilisation, in the cultivar Florinda, there was no alanin. As for the content of tyrosine (fig. 10), there was an increase at the level of each cultivar we studied, with the highest increase in the cultivar Lirina (an increase of 125%). Alanine and tyrosine are amino acids of particular importance because they are precursors of most cerebral neurotransmitters and of tyroid hormones [7-9]. 778

4 Table 1 AMINO ACIDS CONTENT (g/100g) FROM FLAX SEED GRITS Fig. 6. Arginine content Fig. 9. Alanine content Fig. 7. Vanile content Fig. 10. Tyrosine content Fig. 8. Lysine content Conclusions Analyses presented in this paper show that cultivar plays a determining role in the structure of the amino acid composition in vegetal protein in oil linen. Among analysed cultivars, Lirina has the highest content of amino acids. Applying fertilisers in oil linen also influences the level and structure of amino acid content. In some cultivars, the content of certain amino acids increases considerably, while in other cultivars, fertilisation determines a significant 779

5 decrease. Arginine is one of the amino acids that, after fertilisation, increases considerably in four of the five cultivars we studied. Research results on oil linen (Linum usitatissimum L.) point out the importance of this crop not only as an oil plant but also as a plant with multiple opportunities of diversification. References 1.OOMAH D.B., Flaxseed as a functional food source. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Volume 81, pp , OOMAH D.B., SITTER L., Characteristics of flaxseed hull oil. Food Chemistry Volume 114, Issue2, pp , GUTIÉRREZ C., RUBILAR M., JARA C., VERDUGO M., SINEIRO J., SHENE C., Flaxseed and flaxseed cake as a source of compounds for food industry. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Volume 10, No. 4, pp , KATARE C., SAXENA S., AGRAWAL S., PRASAD G.B.K.S, BISEN P.S., Flax Seed: A Potential Medicinal Food. Journal of Nutrition & Food science, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2:120 (2012) 5.GANORKAR, P. M., JAIN, R. K., Flaxseed a nutritional punch. International Food Research Journal 20(2), pp , KAITHWAS G., MAJUMDAR D.K., Effect of L. usitatissimum (Flaxseed/ Linseed) Fixed Oil against Distinct Phases of Inflammation. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Journal ISRN Inflammation, INGLETT G.E., CHEN D., LEE S., Rheological Properties of Barley and Flaxseed Composites. Food and Nutrition Sciences, Volume 4 No. 1, pp.41-48, GOEBEL A.S.B., KNIE U., ABELS C., WOHLRAB J., Dermal targeting using colloidal carrier systems with linoleic acid, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 75, pp , IMBREA I. M., RADULOV I., NICOLIN A. L., IMBREA F., Analysis of macroelements content of some medicinal and aromatic plants using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), Journal Romanian Biotechnological, Issue: 21, 2016, ISSN: RUBILAR M., GUTIERREZ C., VERDUGO M., SHENE C., SINEIRO J., Flaxseed as a source of functional ingredients. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition Volume 10 No. 3, pp , MARTINCHIK A.N., BATURIN A.K., ZUBTSOV V.V., MOLOFEEV V.I.U., Nutritional value and functional properties of flaxseed, Vopr Pitan., 81(3), pp. 4-10, FURST P., STEHLE P., What Are the Essential Elements Needed for the Determination of Amino Acid Requirements in Humans?. Journal of Nutrition, 134(6 Suppl):1558S-1565S, KHALESI S., JAMALUDDIN R., Amin Ismail, Effect of Raw and Heated Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) On Blood Lipid Profiles in Rats, International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, Vol. 1 No.4, 84-89, KAMIYA T., Biological Functions and Health Benefits of Amino Acids. Foods & Food Ingredients Journal of Japan, 206-6, ZHANG Z.S., WANG L.J, LI D., LI S.J, ÖZKAN N., Characteristics of Flaxseed Oil from Two Different Flax Plants. International Journal of Food Properties, 14:6, , 2011 Manuscript received: