Wl LEY-VCH. Marine Algae Extracts. Processes, Products, and Applications. VerlagGmbH. Volume 2. Edited byse-kwon Kim and Katarzyna Chojnacka

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1 Edited byse-kwon Kim and Katarzyna Chojnacka Marine Algae Extracts Processes, Products, and Applications Volume 2 Wl LEY-VCH VerlagGmbH & Co. KG aa

2 VII to Volume 2 List of Contributors Preface XXV Acknowledgments XV XXVII Part IV: Biological Applications of Marine Algae Algal Extracts in Dentistry 349 Marcin Mikulewicz and Katarzyna Chojnacka 21.1 Introduction Various Applications of Products Derived from Algae in Dentistry Impression Materials Agar and Alginate Hydrocolloid Impression Material Other Hydrocolloids (Agar) Toothpastes Mouthwash Anti-Inflammatory Applications Alloplastic Synthetic Grafts (Fluorohydroxyapatitic Biomaterial) Biocompatibility Additional Applications Potential Application of Mineralization Properties Biomaterials Antiplaque and Anticalculus Properties Regenerative Materials in Periodontal Diseases Chewing Gums Conclusions 356 References 357

3 VIII 22 Marine Algae for Protecting Your Brain: Neuroprotective Potentials of Marine Algae 359 Pradeep Dewapriya and Se-Kwon Kim 22.1 Introduction Neuroprotective Properties of Algae and Algae-Derived Compounds Anti-Inflammatory Compounds Compounds against Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neuron Marine Algae against Aggregated Misfolded Proteins-Induced Neurotoxicity Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity Other Algae-Derived Neuroprotective Materials Concluding References 367 Remarks Antiviral Activities of Marine Algal Extracts 371 Fatih Karadeniz, Mustafa Z. Karagozlu, and Se-Kwon Kim 23.1 Introduction Substances Responsible for Antiviral Activity of Algal Extracts Phlorotannins Polysaccharides Lectins Others Conclusion 377 References Antihyperglycemic of Sargassum sp. Extract 381 Muhamad Firdaus, Rahmi Nurdiani, andasep A. Prihanto 24.1 Introduction Seaweed Bioactivities In Vivo Hypoglycemic Activity of S. aquifolium Extract Inhibition of a-amylase and a-glucosidase by Sargassum sp. Extracts Area under Curve (AUC) In Vivo Hypoglycemic Effects of S. aquifolium Rats Body Weight Blood Glucose Hemoglobin A,c (HbAjc) Conclusion 391 References 391 Extracts on Diabetic

4 IX 25 Immunological Activity of Marine Microalgae Mariangela Caroprese, 25.1 Marine Microalgae Extracts Phytosterols Carotenoids and Vitamins Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 399 Extracts 395 Maria G. Ciliberti, and Marzia Albenzio 25.2 Overview of the Immune System Immunological Activity of Sterols Immunological Activity of Carotenoids and Vitamins Immunological Activity of Fatty Acids Conclusion 407 References Algal Polysaccharides and Their Biological Applications 411 Sirisha L. Vavilala andjacinta S. D'Souza 26.1 Introduction Algal Sulfated Polysaccharides Sulfated Polysaccharides from Brown Algae Alginates Laminarin Fucoidan Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Algae Carrangeenans Agar Sulfated Polysaccharides from Green Algae Ulvans Applications of Bioactive Algal Polysaccharides Anticoagulant and Antithrombotic Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides Antiviral Activities Immunoin-flammatory Activities Antioxidant Activities Antilipidemic Activities Sulfated Polysaccharides as Dietary Fibers Seaweed Products and Potential of Its Biomass Alginates Agar Mannitol Seaweed Biomass for Bioenergy Production Ethanol and Butanol from Brown Seaweeds A Future Prospects and Conclusion 438 References 438

5 Potential Utilitarian X I 27 Biological Phlorotannins of Eisenia bicyclis 453 Sang-Hoon Lee and Se-Kwon Kim 27.1 Introduction Biological Activities of E. bicyclis Antiviral Activity Antioxidant Activity Antitumor Activity Anti-Inflammatory Activity Antidiabetic Activity Concluding Remarks 460 Acknowledgment 461 References 461 Part V: Biomedical Applications of Marine Algae Algal Extracts as a Carrier of Micronutrients ofnew Formulations 467 Properties tukasz Tuhy, Katarzyna Chojnacka, Izabela Michalak, and Anna Witek-Krowiak 28.1 Introduction The Application of Chelation Process in the Fertilizer Industry Mechanism of Chelation Seaweed Polysaccharides as a Source of Natural Chelators of Micronutrient Ions Examples of Seaweed Polysaccharides - of Microelement Ions Alginate Carrageenan Ulvan Fucoidan Laminarin Agar Porphyran 475 Chelators 28.6 Gel Formation by Seaweed Polysaccharides Extraction Procedure of Polysaccharides Examples of Chelating Properties of Extracted Seaweed Polysaccharides New Approach toward Chelating Micronutrients by Polysaccharides Regulations Examples of Available Commercial Products Conclusions 483 Acknowledgments 483 References 484

6 XI 29 Marine Algae Based Biomaterials for Osteoblast Differentiation and Tissue Regeneration 489 Pathum Chandika and Won-KyoJung 29.1 Introduction Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration Potentials ofmarine Algae Derived Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration Marine Algae Sauce for Bone Tissue Engineering Algae Based Hydroxyapatite for Bone Tissue Engineering A Effects of Marine Algae on Osteoblast Differentiation Osteoclast Inhibition through Marine Algae Conclusions 501 Acknowledgments 502 References Marine Algae Derived Polysaccharides Regeneration 509 for Bone Tissue Jayachandran Venkatesan and Se-Kwon Kim 30.1 Introduction Alginate Isolation Procedure ofalginate from Seaweed Biomedical Application of Alginate Fucoidan Isolation of Fucoidan Osteogenic Differentiation of Fucoidan Fucoidan Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Conclusions 517 Acknowledgments 517 References Wound Dressings from Algal Polymers 523 Monica Bhatnagar and Ashish Bhatnagar 31.1 Introduction Wound Wound Healing Wound Dressings Algal Polymers in Wound Management Macroalgae Alginates Fucoidans Carrageenan Ulvans Agar Agar Laminarin Microalgal and Cyanobacterial Polymers 543

7 XII 31.6 Conclusion 544 References Marine Algae and Chronic Diseases 557 Kalimuthu Senthilkumar and Se-Kwon Kim 32.1 Introduction Marine Algae Biological Activity of Marine Algae Marine Algae on Chronic Diseases Cardiovascular Disease Diabetes Arthritis Osteoporosis Neurodegenerative HIV/AIDS Anticancer Conclusion 567 Acknowledgments 567 References 568 Diseases Algae Wastes Biomass: A New Class of Low-Cost Material with Potential Applications in Environmental Engineering 575 Laura Bulgariu and Dumitru Bulgariu 33.1 Introduction Some Structural Characteristics of Algae Waste Biomass Utilization of Algae Waste Biomass for Heavy Metals Removal in Batch Systems Influence of Some Experimental Parameters on Biosorption Efficiency Desorption and Reuse Modeling of Biosorption Process of Heavy Metals on Algae Waste Biomass Utilization of Algae Waste Biomass for Heavy Metals Removal in Continuous Systems Conclusions 597 References 598 Part VI: Food and Industrial Applications of Marine Algae Algae Extract as a Potential Feed Additive 605 Mariusz Korczyhski, Zuzanna Witkowska, Sebastian Opalihski, Marita Swiniarska, andzbigniew Dobrzahski 34.1 Introduction Biologically Active Compounds Polysaccharides 606

8 XIII Proteins Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) Polyphenols Pigments Minerals Other Biologically Active Compounds 617 Acknowledgments 617 References Application of Marine Algae Derived Nutraceuticals in the Food Industry 627 Isuru Wijesekara andse-kwon Kim 35.1 Introduction Bioactive Components from Marine Algae as Nutraceuticals Phlorotannins Sulfated Polysaccharides Fucoxanthin and Astaxanthin Lectins Fucosterol Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids Proteins and Peptides Health Beneficial Effects of Nutraceuticals from Marine Algae Anticancer Effect Antioxidant Effect Anticoagulant Effect Anti-HIV and Antimicrobial Effects Concluding Remarks 634 References Microalgal Carotenoids: Bioactive Roles, Health Foods, and Pharmaceuticals 639 J. Paniagua-Michel, Jorge Olmos Soto, and Eduardo Morales Guerrero 36.1 Introduction Bioactive Roles of Microalgal Carotenoids Microalgal Carotenoids as Food Additives P-Carotene from Dunaliella salina Astaxanthin from Haematococcus Lutein from Chlorella Carotenoids from Microalgae for Aquaculture The Pro-vitamin A Bioactivity of Microalgae Carotenoids Microalgal Carotenoids and Their Antioxidant Activity Microalgae Carotenoids: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Potential Anticancer Properties of Microalgae Carotenoids Carotenoids and Macular Degeneration 653

9 Sample XIV I Conclusions 653 References Biologically Active Organic Compounds, Especially Plant Promoters, in Algae Extracts and Their Potential Application in Plant Cultivation 659 Bogusiawa Gorka, Jacek Lipok, and Piotr P. Wieczorek 37.1 Algae as a Source of Bioactive Substances Plant Hormones and Hormone-Like Compounds in Algae Auxins Gibberellins Cytokinins Brassinosteroids Other Compounds Regulating Plant Growth Methods of Isolation and Fractionation of Active Compounds from Algal Extracts A Algal Extracts - Preparation for Analytical Purposes Quantitative and Qualitative Methods of Algal Active Compounds Determination Application of Algae and Algal Originated Products in Agriculture Perspectives 675 Acknowledgment 676 References Biomass and Extracts of Algae as Material for Cosmetics 681 Joanna Fabrowska, Bogusiawatqska, GrzegorzSchroeder, Beata Messyasz, and Marta Pikosz 38.1 Introduction Bioactive Compounds Polysaccharides Proteins Lipids Pigments Phenolic Compounds and Others Application in Cosmetic Products Algae Biomass Algae Extracts Quality Assurance and Regulations Conclusion 701 Acknowledgments 701 References 701 Index 707