Blood = Fluid connective tissue. Formed elements in plasma.

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2 Blood = Fluid connective tissue Formed elements in plasma.

3 Blood Physical Characteristics Color Viscosity Volume Temperature

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5 Blood ph ph = log (1/[H+]) 7 >7 <7

6 Blood - Functions Transportation Regulation Protection

7 John has been feeling so tired. He feels like his muscles lack energy. What s the basic cellular form of energy? He decides to go see the doctor. What do you need to make it?

8 Centrifuge Whole blood 1 Withdraw blood into a syringe and place it into a glass centrifuge tube. 2 Place the tube into a centrifuge and spin for about 10 minutes.

9 Plasma (liquid) Buffy Coat (WBCs + Platelets) RBCs Which of these is problematic for John?

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11 What s dissolved in here?? What s great about this? 90%

12 Plasma Proteins: Albumin Most abundant. Maintains plasma osmotic pressure Transports

13 Osmotic Pressure 2 solutions separated by a semi-permeable barrier. Water can pass thru the barrier, but red particles cannot. Which direction will water flow? Which side (A or B) has the higher osmotic pressure? A B

14 Osmotic Pressure vs Hydrostatic Pressure

15 Kwashiorkor What s wrong with their blood plasma? Blood osmotic pressure is Interstitial Fluid osmotic pressure. Why?

16 Plasma Proteins: Globulins Transport ( and β) Metal ions Lipids Fat-soluble vitamins. Antibodies (γ) Made by plasma cells during the immune response.

17 Buffers Resist changes in... Why are they necessary? Albumin & Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Solution A Solution B 10mL of HCl were added to A and its ph dropped by 4 units. 10mL of HCl were added to B and its ph dropped by 1 unit. Which solution is the better buffer?

18 Erythrocytes

19 Erythrocytes What are these cells lacking? What s the advantage? Would you hire this guy to move your heroin supply?

20 Hemoglobin 2 alpha chains/2 beta chains 4 heme groups 4 irons Oxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin

21 Hemopoiesis = Blood Cell Production

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24 Erythropoiesis

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26 Suppose you followed his advice and started a new healthy habit. Then what would happen to 1. Plasma EPO levels 2. Red blood cell count 3. Blood viscosity 4. % of blood occupied by RBCs 5. Hematocrit 6. % of blood occupied by plasma

27 RBC Graveyard

28 Hemoglobin Heme Globin Amino acids Back into the plasma for reuse/recycling

29 Heme Iron Carried by transferrin Bilirubin Carried by albumin Stored w/ ferritin or hemosiderin

30 Bilirubin Modified and secreted into SI as part of bile Metabolized by bacteria and excreted in feces and urine

31 Problems Getting Rid of Bilirubin

32 Leukocytes (WBCs) 60% 30% 6% 3% 1% 4,500-11,000 per µl of blood

33 Where Are Most Leukocytes?

34 Leukocytosis vs Leukopenia

35 HEMOPOIESIS Hemocytoblast (blood stem cell) Myeloid line Lymphoid line Myeloid stem cell Multi-CSF Lymphoid stem cell Multi-CSF Multi-CSF Erythropoiesis Thrombopoiesis EPO Progenitor cell Progenitor cell Leukopoiesis GM-CSF Lymphoid line B-lymphoblast T-lymphoblast B-lymphocyte T-lymphocyte Leukopoiesis Proerythroblast Megakaryoblast Granulocyte line Monocyte line G-CSF Myeloblast EPO Early erythroblast M-CSF Monoblast Thrombopoietin Promegakaryocyte Promyelocytes Late erythroblast Eosinophilic myelocyte Normoblast Nucleus ejected Reticulocyte M-CSF Promonocyte Thrombopoietin Megakaryocyte Basophilic myelocyte Neutrophilic myelocyte Proplatelet Eosinophil Basophil Neutrophil Monocyte Erythrocyte Thrombopoietin Platelets Granulocytes Natural killer cell

36 Diapedesis, Migration, & Positive Chemotaxis

37 2 Classes of Leukocytes (WBCs) 1. Granulocytes. 2. Agranulocytes. Contain Examples? Lack Examples?

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42 Acute viral infection

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44 Platelets Cell fragments filled with chemicals necessary for coagulation Thrombocytes 150, ,000 per μl of blood

45 Thrombopoiesis = Platelet Production

46 Hemostasis

47 Vascular Spasm Vasoconstriction Platelets Vessel injury Erythrocyte Endothelial cells Vascular spasm Blood vessel constricts to limit blood escape.

48 Platelet Plug Formation (and Prevention)

49 What s a blood clot made out of? Fibrin Platelets Erythrocytes

50 To make a clot, we need fibrin! Active plasma protein Thrombin Inactive plasma protein Fibrinogen Fibrin Active plasma protein

51 To make fibrin, we need thrombin! Prothrombin Activator Prothrombin Thrombin Inactive plasma protein Active plasma protein

52 To make thrombin, we need prothrombin activator! 2 mechanisms for making PTA Intrinsic Path initiated by platelets activated by BV damage. Extrinsic Path initiated by perivascular damage. Prothrombin Activator

53 Intrinsic Path Many steps. Slow Makes lots of PTA

54 Extrinsic Path Few steps Fast Doesn t make a lot of PTA

55 Koagulation

56 Clot Retraction Platelet contractile proteins Squeezes serum out Draws edges together. Sets the stage for repair.

57 Fibrinolysis Tissue plasminogen activator Plasminogen Inactive plasma protein Plasmin When? Active plasma protein

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59 Things that promote abnormal coagulation: Rough blood vessel lining Pooling of blood

60 Things that impair coagulation:

61 Mosquito saliva contains an enzyme called apyrase. Which of the following is it most likely to do? a. Inhibit fibrinolysis b. Promote thrombin production c. Inhibit platelet aggregation d. Promote fibrin production Individuals with atrial fibrillation (uncoordinated contraction) can be at risk for clot formation. Why?

62 Response to Blood Loss >10% of Blood Vol. Blood Pressure

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