BLOOD RUNS THROUGH YOUR BODY

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Gladys Lewis
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BLOOD RUNS THROUGH YOUR BODY WORKSHEET A Your heart and blood vessels make up your blood system. At the centre of your blood system is your heart. Its job is to pump the blood around your body.

The heart pumps blood at high pressure into the arteries. The artery walls are made of muscle and elastic tissue. They stretch when blood is pumped in, then contract, squirting it along.

1 BLOOD RUNS THROUGH YOUR BODY WORKSHEET A Your heart and blood vessels make up your blood system. At the centre of your blood system is your heart. Its job is to pump the blood around your body. The rest of the blood system is made up of tubes called blood vessels. There are three different main types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. The heart pumps blood at high pressure into the arteries. The artery walls are made of muscle and elastic tissue. They stretch when blood is pumped in, then contract, squirting it along. When arteries get to an organ in your body, they branch into smaller tubes called arterioles, and then arterioles branch many times into tiny tubes called capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest branches. They have thin walls, to allow chemicals like oxygen and food pass from the blood to the body cells, while carbon dioxide and waste chemicals pass from the body cells to the blood. Capillaries then join up to form lager tubes called venules, and venules join up to form veins. Veins carry blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls than arteries because the blood is at a lower pressure. Veins have valves to keep blood going in the right direction.

2 WORKSHEET B TABLE 1 Organs and body parts (WHICH?) Heart Blood vessels Veins Capillaries Functions (WHAT?) carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, food and waste carry blood carry blood Location (WHERE?) around the body. to the arteries. to and from all the organs. from the heart to the organs. to and from cells. TABLE2 Organs and body parts (WHICH?) blood Functions (WHAT?) WORKSHEET B Location (WHERE?) around the body. Blood vessels Arteries pumps the blood carry blood carry blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide to the arteries. to and from all the organs. from the organs to the heart. to and from cells

3 WORKSHEET C BROKEN SENTENCES BLOOD RUNS IN YOUR BODY! 1 Your heart and blood are called capillaries vessels 2 At the centre of your blood carry blood back to the heart system 3 The job of your heart carry blood away from the heart 4 Blood vessels are tubes they branch many times 5 There are two main types of to form veins blood vessels: 6 Arteries are vessels which is your heart 7 When arteries get to an make up your blood system organ 8 The smallest branches is like the one of a pump 9 The capillaries then join up arteries and veins 10 Veins are vessels which where blood runs

It carries oxygenated blood around the body in the arteries, and deoxygenated blood back to the heart along the veins; the pulmonary circuit includes the heart and lungs.

4 HEART AND DOUBLE CIRCULATION WORKSHEET D Each time a blood cell goes around your body, it goes through the heart twice, (double circulation). This happens because there are two circuits: the systemic circuit is the main circuit. It carries oxygenated blood around the body in the arteries, and deoxygenated blood back to the heart along the veins; the pulmonary circuit includes the heart and lungs. It carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated. The blood then goes back to the heart to be pumped around the systemic circuit. This way, your heart really acts as a double pump (the right and the left pump); right pump and left pump are side by side. Each side of the heart is kept completely separate from the other side; this way the deoxygenated blood on the right side does not mix with the oxygenated blood on the left side. On each side of the heart there are two chambers. The upper chambers are called atria (singular atrium); the lower chambers are called ventricles. Each atrium can communicate with the lower ventricle through a valve. The blood coming from the body (dark red or bluish and low in oxygen) empties into the right atrium; then blood empties into the right ventricle through the right valve; after that blood goes to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. From the lungs blood gets the oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, so it becomes bright red. Then the oxygenated blood coming from the lungs goes back to the heart (along pulmonary veins) and empties into the left atrium; blood passes into the left ventricle through the left valve, and after that it flows into the main artery of the body (called aorta). Aorta branches several times; it carries oxygenated blood to all the cells in the body and carries carbon dioxide away. The blood then travels in veins back to the right side of the heart, and the whole process begins again.

WORKSHEET E LABEL THE PICTURE Label the picture below, using the following words or expressions: vein from the lungs vein from the body right atrium artery to the body left ventricle right ventricle

5 WORKSHEET E LABEL THE PICTURE Label the picture below, using the following words or expressions: vein from the lungs vein from the body right atrium artery to the body left ventricle right ventricle PUT IN LOGICAL ORDER Put in logical order the terms or expressions below, following the way of the blood in your circulatory system (start from: veins from body ) Artery to the body blood gets oxygen and releases carbon dioxide left atrium artery to the lungs right atrium left ventricle veins from the body blood gives oxygen and carries carbon dioxide away right ventricle veins from the lungs Veins from body

6 WORKSHEET F WHAT S IN BLOOD? Blood is composed of a solid, cellular portion, called "formed elements," and a fluid portion, called "plasma." The solid elements are suspended and carried in the plasma, a yellow liquid (water and dissolved substances), which contains many types of proteins (albumins, globulins, antibodies, fibrinogen), hormones, glucose and other nutrients for cells, carbon dioxide taken away from cells, etc. The most important cellular elements found in blood are red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells defend the body against invasion by bacteria and viruses. Platelets help the blood to clot. When a blood sample is centrifuged, the heavier cellular elements are packed into the bottom of the tube, leaving plasma at the top. Solid elements constitute approximately 45% of the total blood volume; liquid plasma accounts for the remaining 55%. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are the most abundant of the solid elements in blood. White blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets form a layer called the "buffy coat" between the packed red blood cells and the plasma.

7 Erythrocytes Erythrocytes are flattened, biconcave discs, about 7 µm in diameter. Erythrocytes lack a nucleus and mitochondria. Because of these deficiencies, they do not live long, but while they do, they must perform a tremendous amount of work. In each erythrocyte there are approximately 280 million hemoglobin molecules, which give blood its red color. Each hemoglobin molecule consists of a protein (called globin ) and an iron-containing pigment, called heme. The iron group of heme is able to combine with oxygen in the lungs and release oxygen in the tissues. Leukocytes Leukocytes, or white blood cells, differ from erythrocytes in several ways. Leukocytes contain nuclei and mitochondria and can move in an amoeboid fashion. Because of their amoeboid ability, leukocytes can squeeze through pores in capillary walls and get to a site of infection. Leukocytes are classified according to their stained appearance. Those leukocytes that have granules in their cytoplasm are called granular leukocytes or granulocytes. Granular leukocytes with pink-staining granules are called eosinophils or acidofils, and those with bluestaining granules are called basophils. Those with granules that have little affinity for either stain are neutrophils. Granulocytes have oddly shaped nuclei, with lobes and strands. Leukocytes that do not have granules in their cytoplasm are: lymphocytes and monocytes. Lymphocytes are usually the second most numerous type of leukocyte; they are small cells with round nuclei and little cytoplasm. Monocytes, in contrast, are the largest of the leukocytes and generally have kidney-or horseshoe-shaped nuclei. All leukocytes defend the body against invasion by microbes (bacteria and viruses): lymphocytes produce antibodies, granulocytes and monocytes are phagocytic cells.

8 Platelets Platelets, or thrombocytes, are the smallest of the formed elements and are actually fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes, found in bone marrow. (This is why the term formed elements is used rather than blood cells to describe erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.) The fragments that enter the circulation as platelets lack nuclei, but, like leukocytes, are capable of amoeboid movement. Platelets survive about five to nine days and then are destroyed by the spleen and liver. Platelets play an important role in blood clotting. They constitute the major portion of the mass of the clot, and activate the clotting factors in plasma that result in threads of fibrin, which reinforce the platelet plug.

9 WORKSHEET G WHAT S IN BLOOD? FILL IN THE TABLE BELOW, MATCHING THE TERMS (NUMBERS) WITH THEIR DEFINITION OR DESCRIPTION OR FUNCTION (LETTERS) 1) Plasma 2) Antibodies 3) Hemoglobin 4) Thrombocytes 5) Formed elements 6) Red blood cells 7) Lymphocytes 8) Granulocytes 9) Monocytes a) Solid elements in blood; including blood cells (red blood cells and white blood cells) and platelets b) Produce antibodies c) The largest of the white blood cells d) Proteins useful against microbes e) Also called platelets, partecipate in forming blood clot f) Fluid portion of the blood g) White blood cells, with oddly shaped nuclei, with lobes and strands h) Protein within red blood cells, that transports oxygen i) Also called erythrocytes, contain hemoglobin

The Function. To carry nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste from the cells of the body.

The Function. To carry nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste from the cells of the body. The Function To carry nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste from the cells of the body. What makes up the circulatory system? 1. Heart 2. Blood 3. Blood vessels Blood travels from the heart to the body