Next Generation Healthy Grains: Developing grains to combat diet-related chronic diseases

Transcription

1 Next Generation Healthy Grains: Developing grains to combat diet-related chronic diseases Steve Jobling, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australia

2 Modifying grain for health outcomes High amylose barley High amylose wheat Glutenfree barley High β- glucan wheat Thick Aleurone rice

3 [Impact area 1 15 minutes] Zhongyi Li Resistant starch - High fibre barley BARLEYmax

4 30 More fibre than any other cereal grain 25 % of total weight Rye Oats Wheat Barley BarleyMax Rye Oats Wheat Barley BARLEYmax Resistant Starch Solube Fibre Insoluble Fibre

5 Health Benefits Established Substantiation Studies System Publication In vitro analyses Topping et al. (2003) Starch/Stärke 55: Rat Bird et al. (2004) Journal of Nutrition 134, Pig Bird et al. (2004) British Journal of Nutrition 92: Human Keogh et al. (2007) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, Bird et al. (2008) British Journal of Nutrition 99: King et al. (2008) Journal of Cereal Science 48:

6 BARLEYmax TM Commercial Products Breakfast cereal Products in Japan since 2016 Wraps and bread Muesli bars US launch April 2017

7 Industry Recognition Consumer and Industry Feedback Consumer Feedback I ve had ongoing digestive problems since I had my gall bladder removed at age 15. I tried your digestive product and found the results to be amazing..... I suffer from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and it is the only product that I have found that helps. I bless the CSIRO for coming up with this brilliant idea. I ve been eating Goodness Superfoods Products for 4 months now and they have amazingly change my life.

8 Ongoing improvements - BARLEYmax 1, 2 and 3 Sodium azide ssiia mutant Himalaya ssiia-ssiiia double mutant x Tantangara Fuller better threshing naked grain New double mutant Sodium azide BARLEYmax 2 BARLEYmax 1 BARLEYmax 3

9 Ahmed REGINA High Amylose Wheat

10 Other High Amylose Cereals Hi-Maize High amylose maize Incorporation rates are low < 3.5% in Australian breads BARLEYmax High amylose barley Incorporation rates up to 30% in bread Image from Image from

11 Could we develop a high amylose wheat? Allow high levels of incorporation Healthier options without major dietary changes GM proof of concept first to identify targets (SBEIIa & SBEIIb) Traditional breeding to commercialise

12 Starch Structure Changes in High Amylose Wheat 25% Standard Wheat Amylopectin Amylose 75% >75% High Amylose Wheat <25% Amylopectin Amylose Amylose content increases to over 75% &, starch structure changes

13 Total Dietary Fibre Increases Excludes RS Total dietary fibre % of refined flour Control HAW 3x TDF in refined flour 2x TDF in wholemeal

14 RS levels increase Resistant starch % of wholemeal flour control HAW Amylose % >>10 x resistant starch

15 High quality products control HAW control HAW control HAW

16 RS levels are maintained in end products 5 4 % of RS WT HAW 12 X increase in RS level in white bread Measured using AOAC

17 2.5 HAW lowers glucose and insulin response in humans in both white and wholemeal breads GLUCOSE LAW - wholemeal LAW - refined HAW - wholemeal 1400 INSULIN LAW - wholemeal LAW- refined HAW - wholemeal Glucose (mm) Time (min) controls HAW Plasma insulin (pg/ml) controls HAW Time (min)

18 High amylose wheat path to impact years+ Health concept Genotype Composition Processing Performance End Product Quality Nutritional benefit PRODUCT Transgenic prototypes Biochemical analysis Genes Mutants Markers Breeding Rheology Small scale Sensory Analysis Substantiation trials

19 Kebari Gluten-free Barley Greg Tanner Malcolm Blundell Michelle Colgrave Phil Larkin Crispin Howitt

20 Gluten-free (GF) food and beverages Celiac disease requires a life-long gluten-free diet for 70 million people, >1% of global population 2-5% of population are non-coeliac gluten sensitive 10% choosing GF meals (sometimes) for no compelling health reason The GF food and drink market predicted to be $12 billion by 2020 GF foods are costly usually low in B vitamins, Fe and fibre often high in fat and sugar Need for nutrient-rich GF CEREAL grain

21 Gluten in Cereals Wheat gliadins & glutenins immuno-reactive Rye secalins immuno-reactive Barley hordeins immuno-reactive Oat avenins immuno-reactive to 10% of coeliacs

22 We chose BARLEY Could it be done? How many genes? Would the seed grow? Would the seed still taste OK? Would it make a good beer?

23 Hordein loci on 1H 4 classes of hordein protein (>20 genes) clustered in four loci on chromosome 1H A controller gene on 5H Hor5 Hor2 Hor1 Hor3 Chromosome 1H γ hordeins B hordeins C hordeins D hordeins kda 2 genes 3 proteins kda ~12 proteins kda many genes 105 kda 1 gene reduce block LYS3A on 5H (mutated in Riso1508)

24 Mutations and hordein suppression B-hordeins ~70% C-hordeins ~28% D-hordein ~2% Risø 56 - gamma deletion of entire B-hordein locus, 86 kb Risø EMS mutant switch-off all C- hordeins (and some B and γ hordeins) Ethiopian R118 - stop-codon early in the single D-hordein gene. γ-hordeins ~1% γ1, γ2, γ3 subtypes No mutants known

25 Cross 1 Cross 2 B null (Risø 56) X C null (Risø 1508) Kebari 2.0 3% of normal hordein x D null Ethiopia R118 (Sloop BC2) BC3 into cv. Sloop Hordein mg/g flour % of Sloop control Kebari Kebari Triple null selection Kebari 3.0

26 German Beer Purity Law (Reinheitsgebot) 500 years old in 2016 Successful trials in Australia TRADITION + INNOVATION Released April 2016 in Germany Commercial production coming soon.

27 On sale in Canberra now Bentspoke Brewery, Braddon Original saison style Now Pale Ale

28 GF barley foods - coming Hulled (malting) Naked (food) FLAKES ROLLED EXTRUDED Clinical trial underway with coeliacs and Kebari flake breakfasts

29 Cholesterol lowering wheat and barley CSIRO AGRICULTURE Steve Jobling

30 Soluble betaglucan (BG) benefits Soluble BG in oats (and barley) can help lower cholesterol Soluble BG Cholesterol Oat BG and dietary cholesterol Wheat grain has low levels of BG and it is insoluble Barley has high BG content but lower solubility than oats Cholesterol in bile to small intestine Diagram modified from Soluble BG binds cholesterol and prevents reabsorption

31 Transgenic confirmation of target BG solubility % Barley wheat wheat barley wheat + rice wheat + oat barley CsF6 rice CsF6 CslF6 oat CsF6 CslF6 CslF6 wheat Also 5x increase in amount of BG from 0.7 to 4.3% Wheat + oat CslF6 gene BG with solubility > barley

32 High soluble BG transgenic wheat Rat trials showed benefit for blood glucose control Bulk up for cholesterol lowering human nutritional trials

33 High soluble beta-glucan wheat Health concept Genotype Composition Transgenic prototypes Biochemical analysis Genes Processing Rheology etc End Product Quality Sensory Analysis Nutritional benefit Substantiation trials Transgenic BG wheat Non-GM options TILLING and editing CAS collaboration Dr Caixia Gao

34 Micronutrient dense rice Chung-Ming Luo Ronald Yu Phil Larkin

35 New type of rice - thick aleurone mutants Starchy endosperm Rice dominant diets: Zn and Fe deficient 5 th and 6 th most important contributors to disease in developing countries (WHO, 2002) Aleurone layer Dietary fibre Proteins, enzymes Phenolics, lignans Vitamin E B group vitamins Minerals and phytic acid Lipids, plant sterols Aleurone important sink for micronutrients

36 Screening for thick aleurone rice EMS mutant population Transverse dissection of rice caryopsis Embryonic half Store in 96 well plate Germination in ½MS medium Endosperm half Screening by half grain staining Identification of thick aleurone mutants ta2 mutant

37 27 days after pollination ta-1 and ta-2 showed increased aleurone layers ZH11 ta1 ta2 Now mapped the gene and mutation site so can look for alleles in wheat and barley or use gene editing of the target gene

38 Precision Health Future Science Platform Your health, your future HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD

39 Precision Health - Research themes DATA PLATFORMS AND ANALYTICS Harness the value of individual generated data alongside clinical data Automated and adaptive security and privacy protocols, creating trust Advanced data analytics to discover new biomarkers for healthy aging Informing clinical decisionmaking PRECISION INTERVENTIONS Novel healthy foods & ingredients through transformation of sustainable elite grains & legumes Lifestyle strategies for a healthy gut microbiome & prevention of lowgrade inflammation Emerging health technologies to support precision health Priming the immune system against future disease CONSUMER & COMMUNITY Future of Health Deeper engagement and understanding of consumers attitude to precision health Providing the right health information at the right time, in the right context and using the right platform

40 Microbiome & food processing studies (PH-FSP) BARLEYmax TM Version 1 Version 2 (higher RS, lower BG ) High Amylose wheat High betaglucan wheat Zero betaglucan barley 6 PDF positions will be available (Ag& Food)

41 Metabolites and disease Western lifestyle diet Hygiene? Antibiotic use? Microbiota composition HDAC inhibition Asthma Fatty liver acetate propionate butyrate Omega-3 fatty acids Transcription factors AhR ARNT IL-22 CYP1 enzymes Metabolite sensing by GPCRs IBD Type 1 diabetes Food allergies Dysbiosis Leaky gut LPS distribution Cell shape/ motility Gα Gγ Gβ PI3K β-arrestin2 Cardiovascular Tan et al Annual Review Immunol 2017 Inflammasome activation MAP kinases PKC mtor TAK NF-κB Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines Neural conditions

42 Thank you CSIRO Agriculture and Food Steve Jobling t e Steve.Jobling@csiro.au Csiro agriculture and food