Utilisation of Blood, Chicken Offal and Fish Meal as Cockerels' Dietary Supplements

Transcription

1 PertanikaJ. Trap. Agric. Sci. 26(2): (23) ISSN: Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Utilisatin f Bld, Chicken Offal and Fish Meal as Cckerels' Dietary Supplements S.O. NWOKORO Department fanirnal Science University fibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Keywrds: Bld meal, chicken ffal meal, f"ish meal, supplementatin, methine, lysine ABSTRAK Satu eksperimen dilakukan untuk mengkaji prestasi ayam jantan berusia 16-2 minggu yang diberi makan berasaskan tiga hampas biji benih berminyak iaitu hampas kacang tanah (CNG), CNC/bungkil isirung sawit, CNG/hampas biji kapas ditambahkan dengan empat sumber metinina dan lisina iaitu sumber minyak sintetik, serbuk darah (baja), serbuk ikan atau serbuk isi ayam dalam rawatan berfaktr 3 x 4. Hasil keputusan menunjukkan bahawa tambahan berat, makanan kepada nisbah pertambahan, nitrgen hati penahanan nitrgen dan lemak hati sarna seperti SCPT tidak secara signifikannya (P<.5) berbeza sarna ada disebabkan leh sumber prtein tumbuhan atau bentuk metinina dan suplementasi metinina dan suplemantasi liasinina atau kedua-duanya. Walau bagaimanapun, nilai prtein keseluruhan serum, SCOT, menunjukkan peratus dan lemak abdmen secara signifikannya (P>.5) mendapat kesan daripada pengehadan makanan. ABSTRACT An experiment was undertaken t investigate the perfrmance f16-2 week-ld cckerels fed diets based n three il seed cakes viz. grundnut cake (CNG), CNG/Palm kernel cake, CNG/cttn seed cake supplemented with fur surces f methinine and lysine viz. synthetic surces, bld meal, fzsh meal r chicken ffal meal in 3 x 4 factrial treatment. The results indicated that weight gain, feed t gain rati, nitrgen retentin, liver nitrgen and liver fat as well as SCPT were nt significantly (P<.5) different either due t plant prtein surces r methinine and lysine supplementatin frms r bth. Hwever, the values fr the serum ttal prtein, SCOT, dressing percentage and abdminal fat were significantly (P>O. 5) affected l7y dietary treatments. INTRODUCTION Althugh synthetic amin acids are expensive, results f a previus study (Nwkr 1993) indicated that accurate supplementing f cckerel starter diets with crystalline methinine and lysine gave better perfrmance and ecnmy ffeed cnversin than bld meal, fish meal r chicken ffal meal supplements. Anther study (Nwkr 1992) shwed that supplementing diets f 8-16 weeks cckerels with any f the supplemental surces sustained ptimal perfrmance and ecnmic feed cnversin. The lysine levels, which were ptimum fr cckerels during 8-16 weeks f age, were fund t be deficient during 16-2 weeks f age (Nwkr 1998; Nwkr and Bamgbse 1995). Thus, this experiment was initiated t cmplement the results f the earlier studies and t test the effect f supplementatin f il seed cake based diets with different surces f methinine and lysine n perfrmance and serum metablites f 16-2 week ld cckerels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Birds and Management A ttal f 6-day barred harc cckerels were used fr the experiment. The birds were reared tgether n the same diet fr seven weeks (diet A) and diet B fr 8-15 weeks (Table 1). At the end f the 15 th week, 54 birds were selected and randmly distributed int 12 grups such that each grup was replicated thrice. The twelve grups were fed t twelve diets (Table 2) which were frmulated in a 3 x 4 factrial frm such that three cmbinatins f plant prtein surces (GNC nly, GNC/Palm kernel cake

2 S. O. NWOKORO TABLE 1 Cmpsitin f diets fed t cckerels aged -8 Weeks (Diet A) and 8-16 weeks (Diet B) Ingredients A B Maize Maize ffals Grundnut cake Bne meal Oyster shell Premix Salt DL- methinime L-Lysine Cmpsitin (n-as-fed basis) ME (Kcal/kg) CP (%) Methinime + Cystine Lysine (%) Diets (expeller pressed) r GNCjcttn seed cake) were each supplemented with fur majr surces f M + L (synthetic, bld meal, fish meal r chicken ffal meal) t bring dietary levels t the requirements as established previusly (Nwkr 1991). The PKC was expeller pressed type and gssypl levels were calculated as in Ikurir (1982) and Ikurir and Fetuga (1984). The birds were fed and hused in deep litter system partitined with wire netting int pens (11 cm x 28 cm). Brding was carried ut in the bird's first 4 weeks f life. Vitamin-mineral supplements (anti-stress) were administered fr the first fur days f the chicks' arrival. In additin, the cckerels were vaccinated with New Castle Disease Vaccine (if) in the secnd day, Gumbr (secnd week) and Lasta (sixth week) in drinking water. Cccidistats were administered between the 4 th and 5 th week, while drwning was carried ut in the 8 th week. In each f the Vaccines medicatin in drinking water, chickens are usually starved f water vernight befre drugs were administered. The antistress drug was administered subsequently fr 3 days. Feeders and drinkers were cleaned daily, and the experiment was terminated at the end f the 2 th week. In the 2 th week, bld samples were cllected and pled n replicate bases. T btain the serum, the blds after 24 hurs were centrifuged at 48xg t btain the serum. Samples were labelled and preserved at -1 C prir t analysis and subsequent thawing fr analysis was dne at rm temperature. The serum ttal prtein, SGOT and SGPT were analysed using Gelsn and Ackerman (1975) prcedures. A nitrgen balance trial was carried ut in the 2 th week in which tw chickens frm each replicate were placed fr cmpartment (36 cm x 36 cm) in Metablism cages. Then Experimental diets were ffered ad libitum fr ne week duratin: the first fur days fr adjustments and the remaining 3 days fr daily cllectin f recrds ffeed intake and drppings. The latter was cllected in metal trays fitted under each tier, which were initially cleaned, cvered with aluminium fil and sprayed with 1% bric acid slutin. The faecal samples were ven-dried fr 72 hurs at 5 C befre analysis. The prximate cmpsitin f test ingredients and feed, faecal and liver samples were analyzed using the A.O.A.C (198) methd. Carcass Analysis Tw cckerels per replicate in the 2 th week were selected, wet plucked, eviscerated and dressing percentage cmputed. The liver with gall bladder remved was sampled, ven dried at 55 C fr 3 days and at 15 C fr 24 hurs befre analysis fr nitrgen and fat. Dressed 94 PERTANIKAJ. TRap. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 26 NO.2, 23

3 '" t'%j c:::: TABLE 2 F Grss cmpsitin f experimental diets en Prtein Supplement Grundnut Cake (GNC) GNC/Palm Kernel Cake GNC/Cttn Seed Cake <3 Z Based Diets Based Diets (CSC) Based Diets "%j Diets l' Amin Acid Supplement Ingredients M+L BM+M FM COM M+L BM+M FM COM M+L BM+M FM COM t:1 ::r: Maize n Maize Offals g; Grundnut Cake (GNC) Z e- Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) "%j.., Cttn Seed Cake (CSC) Bne Meal '" Oyster Shell Premix (Grwers) "%j Salt (NaCI) en r.j) DL-Methinine (M) ::r: P L-Lysine (L) <: Bld Meal (BM) r Fish Meal (FM) Nl O'l Chicken Offal Meal (COM) (J Z (J CALCULATED COMPOSITION g; Crude Prtein (%) Metablisme Energy (kcl/g) l' (,) r.j) DL-Methinine + Cystine (%) t:1 L-Lysine (%) t;j Cst/kg Diet ( TOTAL GOSSYPOL (%) >< FREE GOSSYPOL (%) r.j) c:::: DETERMINED COMPOSITION Ether extract (%) a:; t'%j.., tp (J '" '" l' t'%j t.o (,Jl rjj

4 S. O. NWOKORO carcasses were frzen fr ne week, thawed, manually debned and rati fflesh t bne was determined. Statistical Analysis The data btained frm the experiment were subjected t analysis fvariance and significance f difference f means was determined (Steel and Trrie 198). RESULTS Data n perfrmance characteristics f cckerels reared n varius dietary regimes are presented in Tables 3 and 4. These indices were nt significantly (P>.5) affected by dietary treatments. Cckerels n diet 1 (M + L) gained at a lwer rate than thse n thers. Thse n diets 3 (FM) and 12 (COM) recrded the best gains fllwed by thse n diets 9, 8 and 6 (BM + M). These differences were hwever nt cnsistent with dietary regimes. Results f the factr effect f plant prtein surces (PPS) (that is ignring methinine and lysine supplemental surces) and methinine and lysine supplemental frms (MLSF) and ignring PPS n perfrmance characteristics are shwn in Table 4. The parameters were nt significantly (P>.5) affected by dietary treatments. The PPS indicated that C C/CSC based diets gave the best weight gain, feed cnversin rati, nitrgen retentin and lwest feed cnsumptin. Thse fr ther grups were similar and MLSF shw that birds n COM based diets recrded the best gains. Feed cnsumptin was highest in birds n BM + M, M + L and PM while the lwest intake was recrded in the COM grup where the best feed cnversin rati was btained. Althugh nitrgen retentin was efficient in all the dietary grups, the highest retentin was btained in M + L grup fllwed by thse n FM. The experiment had n effect n mrtality. Table 5 shws the effects f dietary treatments n sme serum metablites, carcass characteristics, liver nitrgen and fat cntent f cckerels. The factr effects f PPS and MLSF n these parameters are presented in Table 6. Apart frm serum ttal prtein, SCOT, dressing percentage and abdminal fat, ther indices were nt significantly (P>.5) affected by dietary treatments. The least SCOT activity was btained in diet 2 where the highest cncentratin f serum ttal prtein and ptimal dressing percentage were recrded. Parameters fr the PPS (Table 6) were nt significantly affected by dietary treatment. The effect f MLSF (ignring PPS) revealed that with the exceptin f the abdminal fat, all ther parameters were nt significantly (P>.5) different. DISCUSSION The weight gains were generally high irrespective f the dietary treatments. This might nt be unexpected as supplementatin was t meet requirement level. In additin, it may als be due t the high fat accretin as indicated by abdminal fat recrded. In the diets where animal prtein was used as supplements, where dietary prteins were mre than the recmmended 16% (Oksun 1987), the bird perfrmed ptimally. This might be an indicatin that at the age range f experimental birds, they were able t adjust t the disprprtinate amunt f ther amin acids. This is cntrary t that reprted previusly (Nwkr 1993) in starter cckerels. The results f the feed cnsumptin shw that birds n COM supplemented grup cnsumed least feed, which was als the grup where maximum weight gain and abdminal fat were recrded. The higher dietary fat may have cntributed t lwer feed intake leading t better efficiency f meeting energy requirement. Similarly, this higher crude fat in diet may have cntributed t higher abdminal fat fr the COM diets, as a previus reprt (Olmu and Baracs 199) shw that the dietary level f lipids has a direct relatinship with bdy lipid accretin. That weight gains, feed intake including feed per gain rati f cttnseed cake (CSC) based diets (Tables 3 and 4) were similar t thers withut CSC is an indicative f sub lethal level f the free gssypl in the diets (9, 1. 11, 12). Als, the dietary level f.46% is less than the tlerance level (.1% r 1%) recmmended by Ikurir and Fetuga (1984). The carcass dressing percentage and flesh t bne rati appear t supprt the view that diets were adequate irrespective f dietary treatments as the values recrded are within the range reprted (Oksun and Tewe 1987; Nwkr and Bamgbse 1995; wkr and Tewe 1997). 96 PERTANIKAJ. TRap. ACRIC. SCI. VOL. 26 NO.2, 23

5 '" t'%1 ':--- ;tl r.n p a r O'l z 9!'O <.> TABLE 3 Perfrmance characteristics f 16-2 week ld cckerels fed varying frms f methinine and lysine supplemented diets Daily Weight Gain (g) (1.252) (2.31) (1.792) (2.11) (2.661) (3.55) (.572) (2.92) (2.222) (2.91) (.552) (.55) Daily feed cnsumptin (g/bird) (5.112) (14.4) (1.4) (3.521) (3.92) (11.121) (4.811) (5.) (4.82) (1.293) (12.1) (3.178) Feed/gain rati Nitrgen retentin Ttal Mrtality ( ) ± Standard errr r mean (COM) (2.431) (.221) (2.468) (1.928) (2.861) (2.861) (3.1) (8.42) (7.681) (.679) (4.972) (12.1) 3.33 Diet (amin acids supplemental frm- %Diet) (M+L) (BM+M) (FM) (COM) (M+L) (BM+M) (FM) (COM) (M+L) (BM+M) (FM) c:::.., F.., z"'%j t:o t""' t:/ (') :::r:: n z "'%j ::l r.n :::r:: (') (') G; t;; -..J ><: r.n c::: '" '" t""' t'%1 s= t'%1 r.n

6 c. TABLE 4 'i::l t1'l Perfrmance characteristics f 16-2 week ld cckerels fed varying frms f methinine and lysine supplemental r plant prtein diets c..;- Parameters Plant Prtein Surces M And L Supplemental Frms (% Of Diet)..., GNC Only GNC/PKC GNC/CSC S.E. f X (±) M+L BM+M FM COM S.C. f X (±) VJ Daily Weight Gain (g) Daily feed rn p cnsumptin (g/bird) -< r Feed/gain rati O'l Z Nitrgen retentin Ttal Mrtality (.>

7 "t:i t"i TABLE 5 Z Serum metablics, carcass characteristics and liver nitrgen and liver fat f 16-2 week ld >rj cckerels fed varying frms f methinine and lysine supplemental diets tp Diet (amin acids supplemental frm- %Diet) t""' v n ::c: (M+L) (BM+M) (FM) (COM) (M+L) (BM+M) (FM) (COM) (M+L) (BM+M) (FM) (COM) n g; Serum Ttal 6.24 a 8.24 b 6.11 a 5.76 a 5.76 a 6.8pb 5.92 a 5.82 ab 6.82 ab 4.92 c 5.98 a 6.22 a Z ":-< Prtein (.21) (.112) (.32) (.66) (.111) (.12) (.211) (.6) (.4) (.41) (.8) (.).., ; SGOT 96.lO ab 94. b 97.5 a 98.5 a a 1.P 97. a a a a ab a (SF Unit/ML) (1.1) (4.222) (3.21) (.982) (.1) (8.421) (2.222) (3.222) (3.221) (1.282) (2.) (1.892) SGPT Vi U'J ::c: (SG Unit/ML) (1.52) (3.21) (2.928) (3.11) (1.1) (.98) (.62) (2.97) (2.222) (2.221) (.111) (3.212) P <:: Dressing 7.52 a a b 72.1P 7.92 a b b ab 7.82 a a b 7.34 a r Percentage (%) '> n Z Abdminal Fat (g) 2.8 a 6.7 b 9.3 b 1.3 b 3.34 a 6.92 b 6.78 b 8.88 b 5.2 a 5.6a b 6.2P 9.32 b n!'d g; Flesh t bne rati t""' ()O Liver Nitrgen (%) Liver fat (%) ><: ẹ., F.., >rj abc means n the same rw with same superir superscript r withut superscript are nt significantly (P>.5) different. U'J C "t:i "t:i t""' t"i t"i r. r. U'J

8 >-' TABLE 6 Serum metablites, carcass characteristics liver nitrgen and liver fat f the cckerels fed varius frms f diets abc within M and L supplemental frms, means n the same rw with same superscript r n superscript are nt significandy (P>.5) different 'i:i tr:1 Parameters Plant Prtein Surces M And L Supplemental Frms (% Of Diet) GNC Only GNC/PKC GNC/CSC S.. f X (±) M+L BM+M FM COM S.C. f X (±) ':--< Serum Ttal..., Prtein 'i:i SGOT g; 9 (SF Unit/ML) SGPT rjj (SG Unit/ML) P <: r-' Dressing Nl Percentage (%) Ol Z 9 Abdminal.!'D Fat (g) a 6.47 b 7.43 b 9.5 C NI (,,) Flesh t bne rati B Liver Nitrgen (%) Liver fat (%)

9 UTILISATION OF BLOOD, CHICKEN OFFAL AND FISH MEAL AS COCKERELS' DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS REFERENCES A..A.C Official Methds fr Analysis. 14 th editin. Washingtn D.C: Assciated f Official Analytical Chemists. GELSON, T. and P. C. ACKERMAN Practical Clinical Chemistry. Little, Brwn and Cmpany. IKURIOR, S. A Nutritin evaluatin f Nigerian cttnseed meals. Ph. D Thesis, University f Ibadan. IKURIOR, S. A. and B. L. FETUGA Sme antinutritinal cmpnents in Nigerian cttnseed and cttnseed meals. Nig. f Anim Prd. 11(2): NWOKORO, S. O Methinine and lysine requirements f cckerels in lwland humid trpics. Ph. D Thesis, University f Ibadan. NWOKORO, S. O The utilizatin f animal prteins as methinine and lysine supplements fr grwing finishing cckerels. Unpublished data. NWOKORO, S. O Utilizatin f bld meal, chicken ffal meal, and fish meal as methinine and lysine supplements in il seed cake diets n perfrmance f starter cckerels. Nig. f Anim. Prd. 2: NWOKORO, S. O The lysine requirements f 16-2 weeks ld cckerels in a trpical envirnment. Bulletine f Animal Prductin in African (OUjIBAR) 42:79:81. NWOKORO, S. O. and A. M. BAMGBsE Carcass characteristics and gut measurement f finisher cckerels fed graded levels f dietary lysine. ff Anim. Prd. Res. 14: NWOKORO, S. O. and O. O. TEWE Carcass characteristics and gut mrphlgy f cckerels fed graded levels f dietary met cystine. Nig. f Anim. Prd. 25: NWOKORO, S. O. The methinine + cystine requirement f 16-2 weeks ld cckerels in a trpical envirnment. East African and Frestry Jurnal (in press). OKOSUN, E. S. and O. O. TEWE Perfrmance, carcass characteristics and serum metablites f cckerels n varying dietary prtein levels. Prd. 121' Ann. Cn! Nig. Sc. Anim. Prd. Ibadan. Abstr. 96. OKOSUN, E. S Studies n the calrie and prtein requirements f cckerels. Ph. D Thesis, University f Ibadan. OLOMU, J. M. and V. E. BARAcs Determinatin f ptimum level f fat inclusin in briler diets. Agricultural and Frestry Bulletin 31 May: University f Alberta. STEEL, R. G. D. and J. H. TORRIE Principles and Prcedures f Statistics. New Yrk, N.Y: Mc Graw-Hill Bk Cmpany Inc. (Received: 1 Nvember 2) (Accepted: 6 June 23) PERTANIKAJ. TROP. AGRIC. SCI. VOL. 26 NO.2, 23 11