Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Turiaçu Pineapple Clones and Genetic Correlation between Traits

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1 Aricultural Scincs, 017, 8, ISSN Onlin: ISSN Print: Estimation of Gntic Paramtrs of Turiaçu Pinappl Clons and Gntic Corrlation btwn Traits Guilhrm Barbosa Abru 1*, Marcos Miranda Toldo 1, Marclo Mattos Cavallari, José Ribamar Gusmão Araújo 3, Antônia Alic Costa Rodrius 3, Luiz Gustavo d Lima Mlo 4, Auusto César Viira Nvs Júnior 3 1 Embrapa Cocais (CPACP), São Luis, Brazil Embrapa Pcuária Sudst (CPPSE), São Carlos, Brazil 3 Univrsidad Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA), São Luis, Brazil 4 Univrsidad Fdral Rural d Prnambuco (UFRPE), Rcif, Brazil How to cit this papr: Abru, G.B., Toldo, M.M., Cavallari, M.M., Araújo, J.R.G., Rodrius, A.A.C., d Lima Mlo, L.G. and Júnior, A.C.V.N. (017) Estimation of Gntic Paramtrs of Turiaçu Pinappl Clons and Gntic Corrlation btwn Traits. Aricultural Scincs, 8, Rcivd: Sptmbr 9, 017 Accptd: Novmbr 10, 017 Publishd: Novmbr 13, 017 Copyriht 017 by authors and Scintific Rsarch Publishin Inc. This work is licnsd undr th Crativ Commons Attribution-NonCommrcial Intrnational Licns (CC BY-NC 4.0). Opn Accss Abstract This study aimd to stimat ntic paramtrs of Turiaçu pinappl clons usin mixd modls; and stimat ntic corrlation cofficint btwn traits, to provid important information to brdin prorams. For this, 19 pinappl plants wr visually slctd and its slips wr collctd and plantd in a sinl nvironmnt and nin traits wr valuatd. Th ntic paramtrs of most valuatd traits prsntd sinificant diffrncs btwn th 19 clons. Som traits, such as Fusarium wilt rsistanc, showd hih manituds of hritability. Clons did not diffr in rlation to total titratabl acidity (TTA) and total solubl solids (TSS). Howvr, ths traits, which hav implications to fruit quality, showd to b nativly corrlatd to fruit mass ( 0.46 and 0.67). Th rsults indicat that th population of Turiaçu pinappl is suitabl for slction, spcially for Fusarium wilt rsistanc. Also, Turiaçu clons can b usd in brdin prorams of pinappl. Kywords Quantitativ Gntics, Plant Brdin, Ananas comosus 1. Introduction Th pinappl (Ananas comosus) is an important fruit crop in th stat of Maranhão, Brazil. An ara of about 1388 ha was usd to row this fruit in 014 [1]. Th main part of this ara is cultivatd by family farmrs, and th activity is th DOI: /as Nov. 13, Aricultural Scincs

2 primary sourc of incom for many familis. On of th municipalitis that stands out on this fruit production is Turiaçu, locatd in Gurupi rion [1]. In Turiaçu, thr is a varity of pinappl of unknown oriin and ntic idntity that has bn cultivatd for dcads by family farmrs in th rion. This varity of pinappl has uniqu faturs such as hih contnt of solubl solids whn compard to Pérola cultivar []. Th quality of fruit nabls th varity to ain prominnc in marktplacs throuhout Maranhão, and th varity is considrd popularly th swtst pinappl of Brazil. Th pric of Turiaçu pinappl ts up to doubl th pric of othr varitis in th markt []. Turiaçu pinappl is not a ristrd cultivar. Thr ar no rcords of ntic brdin for productivity and quality for it, and th crop is normally cultivatd with low tchnoloy, rsultin in low productivity. Th currnt consolidation of th Turiaçu varity in th markt indicats that introduction of nw varitis may not b a ood stratic choic. Thrfor, ntic brdin for productivity and quality of fruit may b a ood opportunity and would brin conomic bnfits to farmrs. Th Fusarium wilt, a disas causd by th funus Fusarium uttiform (synonymy Fusarium sublutinans f. sp. ananas) affcts th production of pinappl in most part of Brazil. Accordin to [], th Turiaçu pinappl is rsistant to this funus in nativ rowin conditions. Howvr, thr ar no rcords of xprimnts that aimd to vrify this information. Th lack of infction in Turiaçu can b causd by a ntic rsistanc or simply by th absnc of th pathon in th rion, sinc no othr varity of pinappl suscptibl to th Fusarium is rown in Turiaçu. On way to incras productivity and/or quality of any crop is throuh ntic brdin. Rcntly, thr has bn a lar incras in productivity of major crops around th world, and 50% of this incras was du to convntional ntic brdin [3]. To achiv succss in ntic brdin, it is ncssary to analyz whthr thr is ntic variation in th trait within th population. Thrfor, it is ssntial to stimat ntic and phnotypic paramtrs [4]. Th prdiction of ntic valus and slction mthods dpnds, basically, on th varianc componnt stimats. Usually, th varianc componnts ar stimatd by last squars mthods, such as analysis of varianc procdurs. Ths procdurs allow workin with a crtain lvl of unbalanc and it is qual of usual varianc analysis whn data ar balancd. On th othr hand, thr is anothr situation of ntic valus prdiction whr variancs ar unknown and th imbalancs ar such that th mthod of last squars prsnts unknown fficincy. In ths situations, othr stimation procdurs of componnts of varianc ar dmandd, and th prdiction of ntic valus must b prformd simultanously to th stimation of varianc componnts, i.., th varianc componnt stimation by rstrictd maximum liklihood (REML) and th prdiction of ntic valus by bst linar unbiasd prdiction (BLUP) [5]. Mixd DOI: /as Aricultural Scincs

3 modls by REML/BLUP hav bn widly usd in plant brdin to stimat ntic paramtrs [6], adaptability and stability of crops [7], notyp x nvironmnt intraction [8], amon othrs. In addition to ntic paramtrs, th corrlation btwn traits is also important to plant brdin. Brdin prorams must attmpt to improv traits of intrst without slctin corrlatd bad traits [9]. Morovr, known corrlation stimats allow prformin indirct slction of traits that ar difficult to valuat that maks th slction procdur asir [10]. This study aimd to stimat ntic paramtrs of Turiaçu pinappl clons throuh mixd modls and to stimat th ntic corrlation amon traits.. Matrial and Mthods To st up th xprimnt, 19 plants with th bttr fruit from farms in th rural villa of Srra dos Paz, Turiaçu, Maranhão, Brazil (01 39'48"S; 45 '18"W), wr visually slctd (mass slction) and slips of ths plants wr collctd in 013. Th slips wr plantd in randomizd dsin schm in th sam municipality, with six rplications, in a sinl nvironmnt. Th xprimntal plot was composd of on plant. Eihtn months aftr plantin, th fruits wr harvstd, th numbr of slips for ach plant was countd and th plant hiht was masurd. Th fruits wr transportd to th Plant and Postharvst Laboratory of Univrsidad Estadual do Maranhão, whr total fruit mass, fruit mass without crown, crown mass and pulp mass wr masurd individually. Additional procdurs wr prformd as follows. To chmical analysis, th juic of ach pld fruit was xtractd usin a blndr. Juic sampls wr usd to dtrmin total titratabl acidity (TTA) and total solubl solids (TSS) usin th followin mthods: TTA: 10 of juic sampl wr dilutd in 60 ml of distilld watr. This solution was titratd with sodium hydroxid (NaOH) 0.1N in a burtt until ph rachs 8.1. Th ph of th solution was monitord with a ph mtr Modl MPA-10. Th rsults wr obtaind by th followin Equation (1) [11]: ( ) ( N V Eq wt) ( W ) TTA % =. 10 (1) whr: N is th normality of titrant; V is th volum of titrant usd; Eq.wt is quivalnt wiht of prdominant acid and W is th volum of th sampl. TSS: on or mor drops of juic sampl wr placd in an analoic rfractomtr until th surfac of th prism was fully covrd, and thm th masurmnt was don. This procss was don at last two tims, until two masurmnts in squnc prsntd a diffrnc of lss than 0.4 BRIX. Th rsistanc to Fusarium wilt was vrifid in th 19 clons. Th F. uttiform isolat was obtaind from an infctd plant on a pinappl farm of anothr rion, locatd in São Dominos do Maranhão. This isolat was inoculatd on D-typ lavs collctd from th 1 months old clons. D-typ lavs wr washd with soap and watr, strilizd with a 5% sodium DOI: /as Aricultural Scincs

4 hypochlorit solution and rinsd with distilld watr. Aftr that, th inoculation was don at cm from th bas of th lavs by drillin th tissu with a toothpick covrd with pathon. Th lavs wr placd on plastic trays wrappd by transparnt polythyln bas. Moistnd cotton was placd insid th bas to maintain a humid nvironmnt. Th trays wr kpt for 0 days at 5 C ± C and undr a photopriod of 1 hours. Th clon rsistanc was valuatd by masurin th lnth of th lsion ara with a rulr. Th clon showd rsistanc whn thr was no lsion (lnth qual to zro). Th softwar Sln [5] was usd to prform th Gntic-statistical analysis, by Mixd modls (REML/BLUP), whr th variation componnts ar associatd with univariat analysis. Th modl usd was (): y = Xu + Z + () whr: y is th data vctor; u is th scalar of th nral man (fixd ffct); is th vctor of notypic ffcts (assumd random); and is th vctor of rrors (random). Th capital lttrs rprsnt th incidnc matrics for ths ffcts. Th mixd modl quations usd to stimat th nral man and th prdiction of ntic valus is quivalnt to (3): XX XZ uˆ Xy = ZX ZZ + I( σ σ ) ˆ Zy (3) whr I is an idntity matrix; σ is notypic varianc and σ is rsidual varianc. Accordin to th modl, th REML stimators by EM alorithm to obtain s- timats of th varianc componnts σ (4) and ˆ σ (5) wr: ( ) ˆ σ ˆ = y y b X y Z y N r X ˆ σ = + ˆ σ trc N whr N is th numbr of random lmnts (individuals); I idntity matrix; tr is th matrix trac oprator, ivn by th sum of th diaonal lmnts of th matrix; N is th total numbr of data; r(x) is th rank of numbr of linarly indpndnt columns of X; and C is as follows (6): C C XX XZ 1 = ( ) C C ZX ZZ + I σ σ Th hritability ĥ (7) and th variation componnts CV (8) and CV (9) wr obtaind as shown blow: hˆ = ˆ σ ˆ σ + ˆ σ (7) CV ( ) (4) (5) (6) = ˆ σ Y (8) CV = ˆ σ Y (9) whr ˆ σ is th stimatd ntic varianc; ˆ σ is th stimatd DOI: /as Aricultural Scincs

5 nvironmntal varianc; CV is th ntic cofficint of variation; CV is th nvironmntal cofficint of variation; ĥ is hritability in plot lvl; Y is th man of th valuatd traits. To vrify th sinificanc of notyps, th analysis of dvianc was usd. For this, dviancs wr obtaind runnin th modl with and without hritability valus for ach trait, and thn subtractin thm and comparin thm to th Chi-squar valu at 1 and 5% lvl, with 1 dr of frdom [5]. Th ntic corrlation btwn traits (10) was stimatd by th Modl 10 of Sln softwar [5], which adopts th followin stimator: ( ˆ ˆ ) ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ rˆ = COV X, Y θ θ (10) X Y whr: r ˆ = stimation of ntic corrlation btwn variabls X and Y; COV = covarianc oprator; X ˆ = Estimator of notypic valu of variabl X; Y ˆ = Estimator of notypic valu of variabl Y; ˆ θ Xˆ = Gntic variation stimation of th stimatd notypic valu of variabl X; ˆ θ Yˆ = Gntic variation stimation of th stimatd notypic valu of variabl Y. 3. Rsults and Discussions Tabl 1 shows th dvianc analysis of th nin valuatd traits. Numbr of slips, pulp mass, plant hiht and crown mass displayd sinificant diffrncs at th 5% lvl. Only th TTA and TSS did not showd sinificant diffrncs at th Chi-squar tst. Ths traits ar important bcaus th titratabl acidity is rlatd to Tabl 1. Analysis of dvianc for pulp mass (PM), plant hiht (H), numbr of slips (NS), fruit mass (FM), fruit mass without crown (FLWC), mass of crown (MC), rsistanc to Fusarium (RF), total solubl solids (TSS) and total titratabl acidity (TTA). Traits Dvianc LRT(x ) /1 PM * H * NS * FM ** FMWC ** MC * RF ** TSS NS TTA NS 1/ LTR(x ) Chi squar of th liklihood ratio tst for prony ffct, x tabld: 3.84 and 6.63 for th 5 (*) and 1% (**) lvls of sinificanc rspctivly. NS: non-sinificant. DOI: /as Aricultural Scincs

6 tartnss and TTS ( Brix) is rlatd to prcivd swtnss [1]. Dspit th fact that ths traits did not showd to b diffrnt amon th clons valuatd, accordin to [] thr ar diffrncs btwn th Turiaçu pinappl and othr commrcial cultivars. This implis that Turiaçu can b usd in brdin prorams to improv ths traits in othr cultivars. Thr is a worldwid tndncy of markt rowth for low acidity fruits, and th dvlopmnt of pinappl cultivars for frsh fruit consumption has bn a rcnt major focus of brdin and slction prorams [13]. Considrin th rnownd swtnss of Turiaçu pinappl, it would b an intrstin choic for brdin prorams. Th stimats of ntic varianc, nvironmntal varianc, phnotypic varianc, hritability, ntic and nvironmntal variation cofficint, and ratio CV /CV of valuatd traits in Turiaçu pinappl clons wr prsntd in Tabl. Fusarium rsistanc showd th hihr manitud of hritability. This rsult indicats that, for th studid population, ntic brdin may b mor ffctiv if focusd on this trait of hih hritability. In a brdin proram for rsistanc to disas, on of th most important issus is th choic of th parnts to obtain populations whr th slction will b carrid out or thy will b usd for th obtainin of hybrids [14]. In Turiaçu s pinappl population is possibl to choos ood parnts as sourc of rsistanc to fusarium. Rsistanc to Fusarium wilt is an important trait, as this is a hihly dstructiv disas [15]. Th us of rsistant cultivars rducs th us of funicids and, consquntly, rducs th cost of production and also nvironmntal pollution, bsids to nhanc th food scurity. This rsult for Fusarium rsistanc was xpctd bcaus th inhritanc of this trait may b linkd to a n (or a fw ns) with dominant Tabl. Gntic paramtrs for plant hiht (H), numbr of slips (NS), fruit mass (FM), mass of crown (MC), fruit mass without crown (FLWC), pulp mass (PM), rsistanc to Fusarium (RF), total solubl solids (TSS) and total titratabl acidity (TTA). Traits ˆ σ σ ˆ ˆ σ f ĥ CV (% ) (% ) CV CV CV H (mtrs) NS FM (k) MC (k) FMWC (K) PM (k) RF (mm) TSS (Brix) TTA (%) ˆ σ : stimats of ntic varianc; ˆ σ f : stimats of phno- typic varianc; % tion cofficint; CV CV : ratio CV /CV. ˆ σ : stimats of nvironmntal varianc; ĥ : hritability; CV ( ) : ntic variation cofficint; CV (%) : nvironmntal varia- DOI: /as Aricultural Scincs

7 charactr in rlation to suscptibility. Thrfor, it is a qualitativ inhritanc that is rlatd to vrtical or spcific rsistanc to disas [16]. As th propaation of pinappl is don asxually, both th additiv and dominanc ffcts ar passd to offsprin, so th broad sns hritability has rat importanc in th ntic brdin of this spcis. Th CV /CV ratio is of rat importanc to ntic brdin bcaus it indicats th possibility of ntic ains by slction. Accordin to [17], whn th ratio is ratr than 1.0, th situation is favorabl to slction. In this study, th stimat rand from to (as to plant hiht and rsistanc to fusarium, rspctivly). All but on trait showd CV /CV valus hihr than 1.0, implyin that considrabl ains ar possibl throuh ntic brdin. Evn th numbr of slips displayd a hih CV /CV valu. This is an important trait for farmrs bcaus thy us ths slips for futur plantins, th slips protct th fruits from sunburn [18] and thy can b sold, which nsurs an xtra sourc of incom [19]. Pulp mass can b considrd an important trait for pinappl procssin industry. In this cas, th producrs may rciv incom pr pulp mass, and not pr fruit, as it is commonly marktd in th rion now. This trait also showd CV /CV ratr than 1, indicatin that th slction of fruits with hihr pulp mass can b a viabl straty. Tabl 3 shows rsults of corrlation analysis. Fruit mass, fruit mass without crown and pulp mass ar hihly corrlatd (corrlation clos to 1.0). This indicats that it is not ncssary to prform valuations for ths thr traits, makin th valuation procss asir. Also, it is possibl to obsrv that TSS and TTA ar nativly corrlatd to fruit mass, i.., smallr fruits will hav mor TSS and TTA, and this will hav Tabl 3. Gntic corrlation amon pulp mass (PM), plant hiht (H), numbr of slips (NS), fruit mass (FM), fruit mass without crown (FLWC), mass of crown (MC), rsistanc to usarium (RF), total solubl solids (TSS) and total titratabl acidity (TTA). Valus abov th diaonal ar th ntic corrlation and valus blow diaonal ar th sinificanc lvl (p valu). Traits PM H NS FM FMWC MC RF TSS TTA PM H NS FM < FMWC < < MC RF TSS TTA DOI: /as Aricultural Scincs

8 influnc on consumr s prfrnc to smallr fruits. Variation of pinappl fruit acidity and swtnss ar associatd with th pinappl clon usd, fruit maturation and rowin conditions [0] [1], but littl rsarch has bn carrid out on th undrlyin fruit acid mtabolism that dtrmins final pinappl fruit acidity [13]. 4. Conclusions Th rsults of this study showd th xistnc of ntic variability in th Turiaçu pinappl population. Th stimatd paramtrs indicat that th population of Turiaçu pinappl is suitabl for slction of th bst clons, spcially for Fusarium rsistanc. Clons did not diffr sinificantly in rlation to total titratabl acidity (TTA) and total solubl solids (TSS). Howvr, ths traits showd to b nativly corrlatd to fruit mass. Morovr, ths traits in Turiaçu pinappl ar bttr than othr commrcial cultivars, as showd by Araújo t al. (01) compard to th data prsntd hr, implyin that Turiaçu can b usd in brdin prorams for improvmnt of fruit quality. Acknowldmnts Th authors thank FAPEMA for financial support. Rfrncs [1] IBGE Instituto Brasiliro d Gorafia Estatística. (014) Culturas tmporárias prmannts. [Tmporary and Prmannt Crops.] Prod. aric. munic, 41, [] Araujo, J.R.G., Auiar Júnior, R.A., Chavs, A.M.S., Ris, F.D.O. and Martins, M.R. (01) Abacaxi Turiaçu : cultivar tradicional nativa do Maranhão. [Turiaçu: A Pinappl Cultivar Traditional and Nativ from Maranhão, Brazil.] Rvista Brasilira d Fruticultura, 34, [3] Vncovsky, R. and Ramalho, M.A.P. (006) Contribuiçõs do mlhoramnto nético no Brasil. [Contributions of Plant Brdin in Brazil.] In: Patrniani, E., Ed., Ciência, Aricultura Socidad, Embrapa, Brasília, DF, [4] Camillo, J., Braa, V.C., Mattos, J.K.A., Lops, R., Cunha, R.N.V., Padilha, J. And Schrwinski-Prira, J.E. (014) Sd Biomtric Paramtrs in Oil Palm Accssions from a Brazilian Grmplasm Bank. Psquisa Aropcuária Brasilira, 49, [5] D Rsnd, M.D.V. (00) Gnética biométrica statística no mlhoramnto d plantas prns. [Biomtric Gntics and Statistic in Prnnial Plant Brdin.] Embrapa Florstas, Colombo, PR. [6] Carvalho, A.D.F.D., Fritsch Nto, R. and Graldi, I.O. (008) Estimation and Prdiction of Paramtrs and Brdin Valus in Soyban Usin REML/BLUP and Last Squars. Crop Brdin and Applid Biotchnoloy, 8, [7] Santos, A.D., Cccon, G., Todoro, P.E., Corra, A.M., Alvarz, R.D.C.F., Silva, J.F.D. and Alvs, V.B. (016) Adaptability and Stability of Erct Cowpa Gnotyps DOI: /as Aricultural Scincs

9 via REML/BLUP and GGE Biplot. Braantia, 75, No [8] Torrs, F.E., Todoro, P.E., Sarilo, E., Cccon, G. and Corra, A.M. (015) Intração nótipo x ambint m nótipos d fijão-caupi smiprostrado via modlos mistos. [Gnotyp X Environmnt Intraction in Smiprostrad Cowpa Gnotyps via Mixd Modls.] Braantia, 74, [9] Ris, J.A.V.B., da Silva Molinas, V., Dos Santos, A., Corra, A.M. and Cccon, G. (014) Estimativas d parâmtros néticos m Gnótipos d fijão-caupi d port rto smirto. [Estimats of Gntic Paramtrs of Cowpa Gnotyps Upriht and Smi-Erct Plants.] Rvista Ararian, 7, [10] Enl, M.L., Hia, A.R., Andrjow, G.P., Flôrs, J., Paulo, C. and Soars, I.D. (016) Gntic Gain from Diffrnt Slction Mthods in Eucalyptus macarthurii Pronis in Diffrnt Environmnts. Crn,, [11] ISO (1998) 750 Fruit and Vtabl Products: Dtrmination of Titrabl Acidity. Intrnational Oranization for Standarization, Gnva. [1] Ramsaroop, R.E.S. and Saulo, A.A. (007) Comparativ Consumr and Physicochmical Analysis of dl Mont Hawai i Gold and Smooth Caynn Pinappl Cultivars. Journal of Food Quality, 30, [13] Chn, N.J., Paull, R.E., Chn, C.C. and Saradhuldhat, P. (009) Pinappl Production for Quality and Postharvst Handlin. Acta Horticultura, 8, [14] Chavs, P.P.N., dos Santos, G.R., Alvs, A.F., Carlin, J.V.G., Lops, D.A.P.S. and Nascimnto, I.R. (014) Gntic Divrnc btwn Watrmlon Lins Slctd for Rsistanc to Pappaya rinspot Virus, Typ W. Rvista d Ciências Arárias, 57, [15] Stępiń, Ł., Koczyk, G. and Waśkiwicz, A. (013) Divrsity of Fusarium Spcis and Mycotoxins Contaminatin Pinappl. Journal of Applid Gntics, 54, [16] Junhans, D.T., Brasiliro, H.S., Santos, V.J., Cabral, J.R.S. and Matos, A.P. (005) Hrança da rsistência à fusarios m abacaxiziros. [Inhritanc of Rsistanc to Fusariosis in Pinappls.] Fitopatoloia Brasilira, 30, 13. [17] Vrardi, C.K., Don, M., d Rsnd, V. and Brito, R. (01) Estimation of Gntic Paramtrs in Rubbr Pronis. Crop Brdin and Applid Biotchnoloy, 1, [18] d Lima, V.P. Rinhardt, D.H. and Costa, J.A. (001) Dsbast d mudas tipo filhot do abacaxi cv. Pérola: 1. Produção qualidad do fruto. [Slips Thinnin from th Pinappl cv. Pérola: 1. Production and Fruit Quality.] Rvista Brasilira d Fruticultura, 3, [19] Catano, L.C.S., Vntura, J.A., Costa, A. d F.S. da. and Guarçoni, R.C. (013) Efito da adubação com nitroênio, fósforo potássio no dsnvolvimnto, na produção na qualidad d frutos do abacaxi Vitória. Rvista Brasilira d Fruticultura, 35, [0] Bartolom, A.P., Ruprz, P. and Fustr, C. (1995) Pinappl Fruit Morpholoical Charactristics, Chmical Composition and Snsory Analysis of Rd Spanish and Smooth Caynn Cultivars. Food Chmistry, 53, DOI: /as Aricultural Scincs

10 [1] Saradhuldhat, P. and Paull, R.E. (007) Pinappl Oranic Acid Mtabolism and Accumulation durin Fruit Dvlopmnt. Scintia Horticultura, 11, DOI: /as Aricultural Scincs