10/23/17. Dairy Replacement Raising. The Post-Weaning Slump. Transition Phase Efficiency and Cost of Growth

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1 Effect of dietary supplementation of two forms of a B-vitamin and Choline blend on the performance of Holstein calves during the transition and early postweaning period Adequate nutrition and management Dairy Replacement Raising ê Time to target weights ê Rearing cost éprofitability Rodrigo Molano, Christiane Girard and Mike Van Amburgh Department of Animal Science, Cornell University Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Enhanced Growth Per kg ADG Pre-weaning -Breeding émilk Production st to rd Lact. + Kg + 8 Kg Soberon et al, Transition Phase Efficiency and Cost of Growth The Post- Slump BW Increase, % Previous BW Feed Cost per Kg BW Gained, $ Average Daily Gain, kg/d Age, months Kertz et al, 998 Adpated from Terré et al, 6 Days relative to weaning

2 Transition Period Adaptations B-Vitamins and Choline Pre-Ruminant Rumen % forestomach Glucose and Fatty Acids Amino Acids 6% Body O Glycolysis Ketogenesis GIT Development Post-absorptive Nutrient Supply Hepatic Metabolism Baldwin et al., Huntington and Archibeque, 999 Ruminant Rumen 7% forestomach Short Chain Fatty Acids Non-protein Nitrogen 6% Body O Gluconeogenesis Ureagenesis Donkin and Hammon, 5 5 Micronutrients Water-soluble: No stored Do not supply energy or protein but help with their metabolism Enzymatic cofactors = Metabolic Facilitators B Thiamin: Energy metabolism B Riboflavin: Redox reactions (FAD, FMN) B Niacin: reactions (NAD, NADP) B 5 Pantothenic Acid: Fatty Acid metabolism B 6 Pyridoxine: Protein metabolism B 7 Biotin: Carboxylation B 9 Folic Acid: Single-Carbon metabolism B AA, C and Single-Carbon metabolism Choline: Single-Carbon metabolism, Cellular membrane structure 6 Intermediary Metabolism Transition Calf B-Vitamins In Ruminants Ruminal Synthesis SAM Ammonia N-Free residue Met Methionine cycle Gly Cys B Non Essential AA Choline B Protein Synthesis B B Folate cycle Essential AA B9 One-Carbon Metabolism B Gluconeogenesis Ureagenesis De novo Fatty Acid Synthesis? Ruminants Synthetized by Rumen Microbes Bechdel et al., 98 B B B9 B B5 B B7 True Deficiencies Uncommon Ruminal Synthesis and Escape of Dietary Sources Meet B-Vitamin Requirements NRC, Molano, unpublished 7 8

3 Transition Calf: B-vitamins Sufficient? B9 Folic Acid Facilitating Transition to Ruminant Nutritional Strategies éblood Hemoglobin éblood Packed Cell Vol. Question of Study Are B-vitamins and Choline limiting performance during the transition period? Adapted from Dumoulin et al., 99 9 B-Vitamins and Choline in Ruminants Ruminal Degradation Experimental Design B B5 B B B7 B9 B? Zinn et al. 987 Sharma and Erdman, 989 Santschi et al. 5 Girard et al., Castagnino et al. 5 Rumen Protected Forms of B-Vitamins: Choline Erdam and Sharma, 99; Pinotti et al., Pyridoxine Bonomi et al, 998 Folic Acid Bonomi et al, Blends Sacadura et al., 8 CURC 6 d d 9 Milk Replacer 8% CP 5% Fat.6 kg Solids/d Max, X/d Calf Starter Ad Libitum Formulated with CNCPS v 7. Treatments (Estimated Req.) Provided orally every day Measurements / Sampling Daily DMI (MR & Starter) Weekly Body Weight and Height Blood Routinely Milk Replacer Calf Starter d d 9 No B-Vitamin or Choline d 6 Unprotected B-Vitamin & Choline Blend Rumen Protected B-Vitamin & Choline Blend

4 Statistical Analysis Protein Synthesis B-Vitamin and AA are Interrelated Week Period Preweaning Postweaning Blood parameters Body weight Height Intakes Rates of growth Feed Efficiency Y ijlk = TRT i + Wk j + TRT:Wk ij + Wk l + Calf k + Eijlk Y i = TRT i + E i lm () and lmer () Functions Amino Acid Balance AA Requirements Van Amburgh et al., 5 CNCPS v7. AA Supply predictions Higgs and Van Amburgh., 6 Adapted from CK- HS Biology Textbook Ingredient composition (% of DM) Starter Item Starter Milk replacer Whole Milk DM, % Pellet Treated soybean meal 9.8 Chemical composition (% of DM) Wheat middlings 9. Crude protein Canola meal solvent 6.6 Crude fat.96 5 Dextrose. andfom 5. - Dried whey 5.9 Starch Blood meal. Soluble fiber Methionine analog.7 Sugars. - Minerals.8 Ash Fat.7 Calcium.96 Vitamin ADE premix. Phosphorus.6.7 Monensin. Cobalt, mg/kg.. Flavor/odor enhancer. Vitamin A, IU/kg 7,7 6,5 Pellet Binder. Vitamin D, IU/kg, 5,5 Flaked corn. Vitamin E, IU/kg 9.9. Beet pulp shreds. ME, Mcal/kg.5.6 Molasses. B-Vitamin concentration (mg/kg DM) Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic acid Pyridoxine Biotin Folates Vitamin B Choline, mg/kg DM,6,6,8 Treatments B-Vitamin and Choline Requirement Estimation. Whole Milk B-Vitamin concentration as a base. Extrapolation of Niacin and Pyridoxine from Swine (BW.75 basis) NRC,. Adjustment of Folic acid and B considering published studies Dumoulin et al., 99 Lévesque et al., 99 Graulet et al., 7 6

5 Treatments B-vitamin and Choline Blends Supplementation Grain DMI corresponding to vitamin dose, g Animals Dams and Calves Rumen Protected Blend Non Protected Blend Placebo B-Vit Cho B-Vit Cho Fat Fat Fat.9 % DMI from starter.8 % DMI From starter Capsules assembled and administered:,8 7 8 DMI, Kg DM/d P >.5 Dry Matter and Energy Intake Milk replacer Starter Age, wk.6 kg DM/d offered 9 Estimated intake of Treatements over the Control B-vitamins and Choline Intake Folic acid Pantothenic acid Pyridoxine Riboflavin Thiamin Choline Niacin - Biotin 5

6 Vitamin B Intake Plasma Vitamin B and Folate Estimated intake of Treatements over the Control Vitamin B Plasma Vitamin B, pg/ml mg free Folic acid/kg BW Girard et al., 99 b a and b differ P <. x and y differ P < a ab x xy y Plasma folate, ng/ml What happened to the additional RP Folic acid? Rapidly cleared? Not released at its site of absorption? Ruminal synthesis diminished effect of supplementation? Supplements Effectiveness: was not completely degraded was released in the intestine Mature heifers on pasture Grace et al., Appropriate rumen conditions for Vitamin B synthesis - ph - Cobalt levels Other Blood Parameters Body Weight and Stature Hematocrit, % blood volume Plasma Urea Nitrogen, mg/dl P =.7 P = Plasma BHB, mmol/l P = Height, cm P >. Hip Shoulders Body Weight Age, wk Weight, kg.7 kg X Birth Weight 8.6 kg X Birth Weight Birth weight:.8 kg 6

7 Body Weight and Stature Average Daily Gain Average Daily Gain, kg/d P >.5 P >.5 Metabolizable Energy intake, Mcal/d ME Crude Protein Crude Protein, g/d Feed Efficiency Why were our results different? Average Daily Gain/Dry Matter Intake Preweaning P >.5 Post- Smith, Eckert et al., 5 Amino Acid Balancing? 7 Dumoulin et al., 99 5% DM/d from liquid feed offered Weaned calves wks earlier Solid feed 7% CP Other nutrients sufficiency? The B-vitamin and choline requirements depend on the levels of several nutrients in the diet McDowell, Enrichment with a mixture of folic acid, B and resulted in a partial reverse of growth suppression caused by a reduced protein diet Debski et al., 6 8 7

8 Conclusions Post-weaning Slump can be Reduced Question of Study Are B-vitamins and Choline limiting performance during the transition period? No, Under the conditions of this study Dairy calves could obtain sufficient B- vitamins and choline from the diet and rumen synthesis to support optimal performance. Cho B B B7 B9 B B5 B Average Daily Gain, Kg/d kg DM MR/d Max Weaned Earlier (6 d) shorter and less gradual 9 Days relative to weaning Adpated from Terré et al, 6 Van Amburgh Lab Acknowledgments Lauren Hill Sarah Hetrick Courtney Hoff Alanna Staffin Supporters Dr. Essi Evans Technical Advisory Services CURC Jeff Tikofsky Purina Animal Nutrition, LLC CURC Staff ZenRakuRen 8